In this paper, we obtain the generalized least square, restricted generalized least square and shrinkage estimators for the regression vector parameter assuming that the errors have multivariate t distribution. Also we calculate their quadratic risks and propose the dominance order of the underlying estimators.

One of the most important methods for implementation and extension of health and treatment level is the use of complementary health insurance. Price satisfaction is an important aspect of customer's satisfaction of this service. On the other hand, one of the concepts used for investigating customer reaction to the price is customer's willingness to pay. In this study, Matzler's standard questionnaire is used for collecting data that related to price satisfaction and contingent valuation method in the form of payment card is used for extracting policyholder's willingness to pay. Statistical population consists of complementary health insurance policyholders of Iran insurance company in Tehran with 383 questionnaires. The average of willingness to pay to extension complementary health insurance is 46462.14 Toman (SD=19149.536) per person and per month. We used structural equation modeling and partial least squares method with Smart PLS software for analyzing of the data. Results indicate price satisfaction explains 84.4 percent of willingness to pay alternations and between dimension of price satisfaction quality price ratio affected the greatest impact and price reliability affected the lowest impact to willingness to pay.

In this paper a novel method for the solution of parabolic equations is presented. The solution of parabolic equation is expanded by the 2nd order spline basis function. Then the expansion coefficients are computed by the least square method (LSM). The minimization of least square functional directly leads to the solution of the parabolic equation. It will be seen that the proposed LSM is more reliable than the split step method, because it can be applied over impedance boundaries in a simple manner. In comparison with the finite difference method, the proposed LSM is very fast.

The presence of endogenous variables in the statistical models leads to inconsistent and bias estimators for the parameters. In this case, several approaches have been proposed which are able to tackle the biase and inconsistency problems only in large sample situations. One of these methods is biased on instrumental variables which causes removing endogenous variables. The method of two-stage least squares is another approach in this case that it has more accurate than ordinary least squares.This paper aims to enhance the accuracy of three methods of estimation based upon least square methodology called, two-stage iterative least squares, two-stage Jackknife least squares and also two-stage calibration least squares. In order to evaluate the performance of each method, a simulation study is conducted. Also, using data collected in 1390 related to the cost and revenue in Iran, those methods to estimate parameters are compared.

Tourism attractiveness's and capacities are considered as unique capital for every country and region which its recognizing. Classifying and planning is of great importance in order to improve tourism. To do so, improving tourism industry requires comprehensive and effective scheduling whereas Iran has high capacity to improve this industry with respect to its unique features and capacities. The area under study is siahkal where is located on east Guilan province. This city enjoy all Guilan pleasant climates except coastal land climate and its climate ranges from plain climate to high to high land and mountainous ones. Tourism in mountainous section of this city (i. e Deylaman) enjoys high capability with respect to attract tourism and improve this industry with %91.66 & %73 concentration on natural historical capacities and geographical special conditions.It has been tried to analyze these region adjustment by recognizing, region capacities in plan high land and mountainous region so that planning situation to be provided for every region.Thy applied method is descriptive- analytical procedure and the data has been analyzed after gathering, classifying and organizing and in order to improve this research questionnaire, map, chart and software's such as excel and auto cad to analyze the data are used.

As a biologic and social phenomenon, disability is a fact that both industrial and non-industrial countries, apart from their level of development, are faced with. Also, regarding the increased life-expectancy level in the developed and developing countries including Iran, size of the middle-aged and old population of the world, who constitute the motor disabled group is increasing. Paying attention to the living needs of these groups in the social environment, i.e. in the urban public spaces, can help them to live independently and without other’s helps, which it in turn may result in more dynamic life for such demographic groups. Thus, organizing and improving urban public spaces, with regard to the needs of the disabled and motor disabled individuals, have become one of necessities in each community, particularly in our society where another group, wounded-in-action (WIA), after Ira-Iraq War was added to two mentioned groups. This study aims at identifying and analyzing macro, medium and micro effective components of activation or declination of the public spaces in order to bring about civil rights for the disabled, as citizens, and also the capacity to use urban public spaces. It is an applied study based on descriptive-analytic methods.