This experiment was designed to survey the nutritive value and estimate protected-protein level of Protanomix as a new protein source and compare it with soybean meal. Protanomix is a brown powder by separating the precipitate produced from the reaction of tannin with corn-steep liquor. Crude protein (CP) and metabolizable energy (ME) in this protein source is nearly similar to soybean meal, and more than 80% of its protein content is insoluble. In this study, potential of in vitro gas production in Protanomix was significantly (P˂0.001) lower than the control treatment (soybean meal); however, substitution of soybean meal at different levels of Protanomix in experimental diets did not lead to significant changes in gas production parameters (P˃0.05). Comparing Protanomix with soybean meal (control) showed that in vitro truly degraded dry matter (IVTDDM), estimated metabilizable energy (ME) and pH were similar (P˃0.05). However, short chain fatty acids (SCFA), apparently in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMAD) and ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3) were significantly higher in soybean meal (P˂0.01) than Protanomix, while partitioning factor (PF), microbial protein synthesis (MPS) and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (EMPS) were greater in Protanomix than soybean meal (P˂0.05). Nonetheless, when soybean meal was substituted with different levels of Protanomix in the experimental diets, only concentration of ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3) was significantly decreased (P˂0.001).

Crop modeling can be used to help understand how multiple factors interact and impact yield. The crop modeling using of soybean-CROPGRO has been used extensively to evaluate the effects of management practices and environmental conditions on soybean growth, development, yield and yield components. In order to study of grain yield and biomass and also investigation of CROPGRO-soybean model under four different sowing date and four cultivars under growth potential in Karaj (Alborz province), one experiment carry out as a randomize complete block design in split plot arrangement with four replicate in 2009-2010. Experimental factors was different planting date 19 May (S1), 29 May (S2), 9 Jun (S3), 19 Jun (S4) as main plot and four growth limited cultivars of soybean (Wiliams, L17, M7, Zan) as sub plot. According to obtained results in this experiments, variation dimension of RMSE in all of cultivars for grain yield (GY) 134.764-820.641 kg/ha and also variation dimension Wilmot coefficient (d) obtained 0.550-0.972. Also in all of the treatments, variation dimension RMSE for total dry weight (TDW) obtained between 356.415-1207.338 kg/ha with d variation dimension 0.895-0.989. Generally in all of the sowing dates and cultivars, R2 rate in regression curve for measured counterpoint simulated data (line1: 1) for GY obtained 0.968 with equation y=1.009 x+52.58. Also R2 rate (line 1: 1) for TDW obtained 0.932 with equation y=0.624 x+267.5.

In order to find an alternative to summer monoculture forage maize (Zea mays), intercropping systems of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum): soybean (Glycine max) (P: G) and maize: soybean (Z: G) and intercropping patterns, substitutive (XXG, XXGG and XGG) and additive (X%100G%25, X%100G%50 and X%83G%67) were evaluated as factorial in RCBD at research field of Agriculture and Natural Resources College of Tehran University in Karaj during 2013 and 2014 (G and X respectively: soybean and cereal including maize, Z, or pearl millet, P). Results showed that yields of cereal forage and mixed forage in Z: G were significantly higher than P: G. Cereals were dominant component in intercrop and the dominance of maize was higher than millet. Intercropping system or pattern did not affect total land equivalent ratio (LER). The highest LER was recorded 1. 15 by P%100G%25 in 2013 and 1. 07 by Z%83G%67 in 2014 without 2nd cut of pearl millet, and 1. 10 by PGG in 2014 with sum of 2 cuts of pearl millet. In X%83G%67 despite the 83% cereal density of monoculture, partial LER was 0. 95 for maize but 0. 70 for pearl millet. It is concluded that additive patterns with a small ratios of soybean or with some decrease in ratios of cereal component, tend to have potential to achieve higher LERs. Thus intercropping, specially additive pattern can provide suitable alternatives to monoculture in production of forage with customized quality and higher diversity in ecosystem, in consistent with sustainability.

soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines is the most important factor in reducing the yield of soybean crop (Glycine max) in most of its cultivated areas in the world and is also spread in Iran in Mazandaran and Golestan provinces. In the present study, the reaction of 100 genotypes and soybean cultivars in the seed bank of Oilseeds Research and Development Company to soybean cyst nematode was evaluated. Genotypes were studied in a randomized complete block design with three replications under constant greenhouse temperature conditions. The race of soybean cyst nematode population was determined and identified using differential soybean cultivars. The results showed that 12 genotypes among Leflor, Bedford and Forrest as resistant,three genotypes including Chiquita, Centennial and Cloud as moderately resistant,26 genotypes as moderately sensitive and 59 genotypes namely Essex, Faur and Clark with susceptible check (Jk cultivar) as highly sensitive genotype to race 3 of soybean cyst nematode were identified. The results of cluster analysis based on nematode resistance, maturity group, seed color and umbilical color divided the genotypes into five groups. The most susceptible genotypes were in the second cluster group and the most resistant genotypes were in the third cluster group. Also, most of the resistant genotypes in terms of soybean maturity group belonged to groups V and VI of the maturity group.

In order to evaluate of simulation model CROPGRO-soybean in DSSAT software on yield and yield component of soybean (cv. Wiliams) in different sowing date in research field of Azad university of Karaj branch, Iran a experiment carry out in shape of split plot in based of randomized complete block design with four replications, in 2009. In this experiment investigated some traits such grain yield (GY), biomass (B) and harvest index (HI) for soybean cv. Wiliams. According to simulation results, model simulated biomass at 20 after planting to final growth duration and grain yield in fruit set stage to harvest successfully, but for HI because created less Wilmot coefficient (d) (0.60) was not successfully. Model predicted GY with high precise in four sowing date d>0.66 successfully. For GY variation dimension of R2 in four sowing date calculated, 0.985, 0.966, 0.920 and 0.851 respectively. This results showed that model can be obtained high correlation coefficient among predicted versus observed for GY data. Also for B variation dimension of R2 in four sowing date calculated, 0.889, 0.986, 0.909 and 0.796 respectively. As in based on statistical viewpoint was significant (P<1%). Therefore we can used model after calibration its with the more replication of experiment and reduce of measured error, for research objectives and management decision making under climate Karaj condition.

In this study, chemical compositions of black seed meals samples were determined. 18 male weaning Zandi lambs with an average body weight of 23.5 ±1.5 kg were used in a completely randomized design in three groups of six in individual pens. Experimental treatments were: 1) control (basal diet with 12% soybean meal and without black seed meal), 2) diet containing 6% soybean meal and 9% black seed meal and 3) diet containing 18% black seed meal and without soybean meal. The concentration of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, NDF, ADF, ADIN, and crude ash of black seed meal samples were 97.53±0.58, 31.26±0.99, 15.16 ± 0.61, 25.95 ± 1.34, 14.2±0.80, 0.69±0.04 and 5.07 ± 0.24, respectively. Replacement of soybean meal with black seed meal in the diet of experimental lambs had no effect on final body weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, dry matter intake, dressing percentage, tail and total body fat deposition. Albumin and total protein were higher for lambs fed by diet containing 18 % black seed meal compared to other treatments (P <0.05). However, the concentration of blood triglyceride, cholesterol and urea nitrogen were not differed between experimental groups. The digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude fat and protein were not affect by feeding of experimental diets. It seems that black seed meal can be used in the diet of fattening lambs up to 18% without adverse effect on performance and nutrients digestibility of growing lambs.

This study carried out to investigate the effects of soybean fatty acids and soybean calcium salt fatty acids on broiler chicken performance, carcass yield, pancreas and abdominal fat percentage. A total of 500 commercial crossbred of Ross was examined in 5 treatments and arranged on a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 replicates per each treatment. Twenty five chicks were placed in each pen. The experiment lasted for 49 days. Neither soybean fatty acids nor soybean calcium salt fatty acids were used during the experiment in the first treatment. In the second treatment, for starter, grower and finisher period 0, 2.5 and 5 percents of soybean fatty acids were included respectively. During the third treatment 0, 2.5 and 5 percents of calcium salt fatty acids were used respectively, but in the fourth treatment 2.5, 5 and 5 percents of soybean fatty acids were used respectively, and in fifth treatment within the same period, 2.5, 5 and 5 percents of calcium salt fatty acids were used respectively. The results of the statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences in feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio during the whole rearing periods (P<0.05). The results also showed significant differences among all treatments for carcass yield as well as pancreas percentage (P<0.05), and the use of soybean fatty acids and soybean calcium salt fatty acids had no significant effects on abdominal fat. It can be concluded from the results that the use of soybean fatty acids has precedence over calcium salt fatty acids on broiler performance.

Today, the DeNitrification DeComposition (DNDC) is model used to anticipate soil organic carbon (SOC) turnover and crop growth under various field management practices. Gorgan County is an important region for soybean production in Iran.  We aimed to 1) validate the DNDC model for modeling SOC dynamic in croplands under soybean cropping, 2) simulate the total topsoil (0–30 cm) SOC stocks of soybean cropping systems, 3) quantify the spatial distributions of carbon sequestration potential of soybean-grown croplands by Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. In this research, soil samples were taken from 150 fields at depth of 0–30 cm before soybean cultivation and after crop harvesting. In this research, we used the site simulation type of DNDC model for simulation and denitrification/decomposition procedure. Inputs in the DNDC model included information on survey region, climate, soil, crop properties, and farmland management practices. The soil and crop properties categorized into farming management practices such as fertilization, tillage, grazing or plant cutting, and irrigation. The climatic data were obtained from one meteorological station located within the study area. To continue, crop parameters were provided based on field survey and laboratory work. Also, the soil properties (including texture, bulk density, pH, SOC, soil total N, field capacity, wilting point, hydro-conductivity point, porosity and clay fraction) were obtained from sampling sites distributed in soybean croplands of Gorgan county. Results indicated that the DNDC model can simulate the SOC values for soybean fields. Based on the results, there was correlation between the simulated and measured data for SOC. The average concentration and storage of carbon sequestration were as 3.97 and 1.42 Mg ha-1 for observed situation and in predicted situations obtained as 2.60, and 1.42 Mg ha-1, respectively. The highest content of SOC was related to the east, southeast, and central parts toward the south of the county, which was affected by several factors such as soil bulk density, regional climatic condition, using conservation cropping systems, improved irrigation systems, and fertilization management type. The study provided new information on how improvements in the process-based DNDC model in Iran. Therefore, it can be utilized to determine SOC change and dynamism and carbon sequestration potential on the regional scale.