One of the reasons for failures and Lack of effectiveness of implementing public policies is policy alienation. policy alienation is a psychological state that lead to implementers' psychological disconnection from the policy program being implemented. Therefore, understanding the concept of policy alienation helps improve policy performance. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the existence of implementers' alienation from tax policies. This research is practical in terms of purpose and in terms of data collection, it is descriptive-a survey type with a quantitative approach. The statistical population of this study was all the tax auditors of the General Directorate of Tax Affairs of Qom province. The research tool was the Tummers's policy alienation questionnaire that its validity and reliability were confirmed. The findings of the data analysis revealed the existence of the implementers' alienation from tax policies.

Objective: The main purpose of this study is to identify the consequences of the alienation of implementers from tax policies. Methods: The research population consisted of tax auditors of the General Directorate of Tax Affairs of Qom province and the sample was selected through the purposeful sampling of the theoretical type. This research was basic in terms of purpose and data collection, it was descriptive. The data collection tool was an interview and the analysis of the data from the interview was done using the thematic analysis technique. Data analysis led to the formation of 14 sub-themes and 3 main themes. Results: The results of the data showed that the failure to implement tax policies, the inefficiencies of the Tax administration in achieving organizational goals and formation of Inefficient organizational outcomes are consequences of alienation of implementers from tax policies in Iran Conclusion: Few studies have been conducted on public policy alienation. These studies have identified a few consequences. Nevertheless, other consequences have not been seen. This study identified other consequences of this phenomenon, such as implementers indifference with policies, organizational silence, deviant behaviors, burn-out, decreased mental health, etc. and categorized these into three main themes.

BACKGROUND: The Health System Reform Plan, especially in medical education, has undoubtedly caused changes in the university. The continuation of this project requires recognizing the challenges confronted by those in charge of its implementation. This study aimed to explore the challenges of the implementers of the Transformation and Innovation Plan in Medical Education in the universities of Macroregion 5. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The qualitative research was conducted using the content analysis method. Semi‑, structured interviews with health and medical education managers were used to collect information. Participants were 11 educational leaders of universities who were selected by purposeful sampling. Data collection continued until data saturation was reached. Data analysis was performed continuously and simultaneously with data collection. The Graneheim and Lundman methods were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: From 11 interviews, one theme, five categories, and 12 subclasses were obtained. Five categories include lack of proper groundwork, weak leadership, structural problems, inability to fund, and inadequate monitoring. CONCLUSION: Innovation and transformation in medical education are one of the critical missions and admirable actions of the Ministry of Health in the field of education, but a review of this plan can, in addition to identifying shortcomings and problems, pave the way for success, and progress in future programs.

The chief aim of this essay is to study and to analyze the position of spiritual intelligence and its components amongst the implementer and the receivers of “Religion and Life” curriculum in the fourth grade of high school. All the teacher, Teaching the “Religion and Life” courses, along with the 348 fourth grade high school students, who were chosen randomly based on the clustering sampling method, were selected as the statistical population. A questioner, consisted of 42 questions about spiritual intelligence, was, then, used to collect the data. The validity and reliability, both, have been confirmed; the first by means of the theoretical sources as well as the experts of the field and the second by Coronbach’s Alpha (%85). Both descriptive statistics (mean and slandered deviation) and inferential statistic (t-test) were used to analyze the data. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the teachers and students are not highly different in terms of spiritual intelligence; whereas, this difference is more conspicuous between the boys and the girls. In addition, these findings indicate that the degree of knowledge and awareness of teachers about spiritual intelligence and its components is very low and, therefore, there is a serious challenge in this filled. The priority, hence, should be given to promote the spiritual intelligence as well as changes in both textbooks and teaching methods.

Despite the fact that the depenalization has been policy in the last decade in Iran, But Policy enforcers or its implementers have been less concerned from the perspective of policy analysis. While, these enforcers play an important role in the implementation and development of this policy with their vote and authority. Therefore, the evaluation of the role of policy implementers is the subject of this article. for this purpose, the actions of the head of the judiciary, Judges of the Criminal Courts, Appeals courts, Supreme Court, Deputy of the execution of criminal sentences, Prosecutor's Office of Judges, Amnesty & Discounted Commission and Councils on Prisoners Affairs are organized in four levels: policy making, sentencing, Suggestion and Supervision. This typology indicates that despite taking measures and actions in this regard, implementers can be more active by implementing the legal grounds and authority. as well as it seems that the matching of implementers is necessary to balancing the its development.

One of the reasons for failure of implementation of public policies in Iran is policy alienation. Policy alienation is a psychological state that lead to implementers' psychological disconnection from the policy program being implemented. This phenomenon may have harmful consequences, and resulted in lessening of implementers’ performance. It will in turn, leads to public discontent with the public institutions implementing public policies. The purpose of this paper is to identify the antecedents of tax policies alienation. The research population consisted of tax auditors of the General Directorate of Tax Affairs of Qom province. The sample was selected through a purposeful sampling method. We conducted a semistructured interviews to collect data, and used the thematic analysis technique for interpretation of collected data. . The results showed that the lack of interaction between policy makers and policy implementers at the policy formulation strategic level, as well as, tactical and operational levels are antecedents of alienation of implementers from tax policies in Iran.

The implementation of policies plays a very vital role in solving society’ s general problems and the quality of public sector management can be measured by the degree of success in implementing public policies but often there is a big gap between passing laws and enforcing them and this gap may be widened and deepened by policy makers. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting the implementation of general customs policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In terms of method, this research is a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. In the first stage, a qualitative method and content analysis were used to collect information from written and electronic sources in the field of public policy implementation. In the second stage, the Delphi method was used to determine the dimensions, components and indicators of public policy implementation. According to experts, 5 factors-policy makers, policy makers, policy target community, nature of policy and environmental factors-as factors affecting the effective implementation of public customs policies of the Republic Islamic Iran were identified and the results of applying decision-making methods show that among these five factors, the factors related to the implementers of public policy are in the first rank, the factors related to the nature of the policy in the second rank, the factors related to policy makers in the third place and environmental factors and factors of the target community of the policy are in the fourth and fifth ranks, respectively.

The purpose of this study was to investigate some core issues of ELT curriculum implementation in Iran undertaken by policymakers in practice, i.e. teachers. The core issues include: the efficiency of communication channels between ELT planners and implementers, the extent to which ELT textbooks are believed to meet students’ cognitive and affective needs, the criteria English teachers are evaluated with and by whom, the extent teachers follow officially-approved teaching and testing practices, how ongoing professional support is provided to the teachers, and if context-based feedback of implementers is processed by planners. To collect data, structured interviews were conducted with 22 head teachers and open-ended questionnaires were administered to 672 teachers in 13 provinces. Results indicate that problems pertaining to evaluation policy, methods and techniques policy, in service training policy, and communication policy at practice level widen the gap between ELT planners’ rhetoric and implementers’ practice. It is argued that as long as curriculum implementers are not involved in setting ELT policies, the distance between these two groups will keep on growing.

One of the distinguishing features of implementation research is the importance given to involve implementers in all aspects of research, and as users of research. We report on a recent implementation research effort in India, in which researchers worked together with program implementers from one of the longest serving government funded insurance schemes in India, the Rajiv Aarogyasri Scheme (RAS) in the state of undivided Andhra Pradesh, that covers around 70 million people. This paper aims to both inform on the process of the collaborative research, as well as, how the nature of questions that emerged out of the collaborative exercise differed in scope from those typically asked of insurance program evaluations. Starting in 2012, and over the course of a year, staff from the Aarogyasri Health Care Trust (AHCT), and researchers held a series of meetings to identify research questions that could serve as a guide for an evaluation of the RAS. The research questions were derived from the application of a Logical Framework Approach (“log frame”) to the RAS. The types of questions that emerged from this collaborative effort were compared with those seen in the published literature on evaluations of insurance programs in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In the published literature, 60% of the questions pertained to output/outcome of the program and the remaining 40%, relate to processes and inputs. In contrast, questions generated from the RAS participatory research process between implementers and researchers had a remarkably different distribution -81% of questions looked at program input/processes, and 19% on outputs and outcomes. An implementation research approach can lead to a substantively different emphasis of research questions. While there are several challenges in collaborative research between implementers and researchers, an implementation research approach can lead to incorporating tacit knowledge of program implementers into the research process, research questions that are more relevant to the research needs of policy-makers, and greater knowledge translation of the research findings.