Alliance Proactiveness (AP) is the organization’s innovative response to identify and respond to the strategic alliance opportunities. The present study seeks to conceptualize model of AP by applying grounded theory in order to enable businesses to achieve superior performance over current and potential future competitors and achieve a good competitive advantage with a better understanding of their environment. The study is a qualitative research in terms of typology and is located in the paradigm of interpretiveness, and its orientation is developmental. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 18 university professors, experts and managers of Iranian technology-oriented companies (Hi-Tech) with a history of strategic alliance in their activities, and continued through theoretical sampling and snowball to reach the theoretical saturation point. After analyzing the interviews, 353 open codes were conceptualized in the open coding stage. Then, open coding concepts were classified into 93 sub-categories and 29 main categories in axial and selective coding. Finally, the conceptual model of AP was extracted with the dimensions of causal conditions, pivotal phenomena, strategies and actions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, and consequences and results. The results of the research can be used as a roadmap for managers in recognizing the factors and obstacles of proactive behaviors in strategic alliances and in introducing various dimensions in strategic areas, contexts and interventions, and provide a correct understanding of its consequences.

Alliance Proactiveness (AP) refers to the organization's innovative response to identifying and responding to strategic alliance opportunities. This study seeks to provide a model of AP for high-tech firms in order to act competitively and synergize with potential partners to achieve superior business performance over their rivals and achieve a superior competitive advantage. The approach of the present study is mixed method which its nature is qualitative in the qualitative part and practical in the quantitative section. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 18 academic experts and managers of high-tech Iranian companies with a history of strategic alliance in their activities, and continued through theoretical and snowball sampling to reach the theoretical saturation point. Also data were collected using a questionnaire in a quantitative section. After coding the qualitative section interviews, 353 open codes, 93 sub-categories and 29 main categories were conceptualized and the research model in the qualitative part was extracted in causal, pivotal, strategies, contextual, intervening and consequences dimensions. The components of market complexity and leadership, foresight approach, partner monitoring, legitimacy and cultural interaction, critical turbulence, and continuous competitive advantage were placed in these dimensions, respectively. Finally, the fit of the research model in the quantitative part led to the confirmation of the five hypotheses.

Proactiveness is a strategic orientation. Studies have shown that firms with higher Proactiveness gain better performance than their competitors. So, identifying the factors that affect Proactiveness is becoming more and more essential. Analytical orientation is known as a strategic orientation too. Analytical orientation means the inclination of firms toward using decision support systems, planning techniques, control systems, human resource planning, and executives’,performance appraisal. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between analytical orientation and Proactiveness. Data collected from 91 managerial and economic consultancy firms in Iran. Data analysis was done using the structural equation modeling technique with SmartPLS3 software. Findings showed that analytical orientation has a positive significant effect on Proactiveness. Those consulting firms which aspire to strengthen Proactiveness should pay serious attention to analytical orientation.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of innovativeness, risk taking and Proactiveness on performance with the mediating role of readiness to serve in governmental banks in Mashhad. From the viewpoint of objectives, the study is an applied piece of research, and the method of data collection is a descriptive and statistical. The population of the research consists of the managers and deputies of governmental banks in Mashhad. The sample size comprises 128 managers and deputies who completed the questionnaire. Structural equation modeling (SEM) has been used for the data analysis. The results confirm the mediator role of readiness to serve in the efficacy of innovativeness, risk taking and Proactiveness in performance.

Innovation, creativity and change are the key elements and unavoidable factors in sport. The importance of this issue encourages us to study sport from the point of view of entrepreneurship. During the recent years, spreading the sport management and development of entrepreneurship have created a new frame work in sport in a way that a new approach has been appeared regarding sport management and entrepreneurship. For this reason this article aims to study the relationship between entrepreneurship and sport in order to spread and develop the theory of entrepreneurship in sport management. Through studying the information gained in economics and sports marketing, we have been given the opportunity to identify the Innovations, Proactiveness and risk taking in sport from which the dimensions of entrepreneurship has been out broke in this domain. Moreover, the current article implicitly points out the study related gap between entrepreneurship and sport management by introducing the different kinds of entrepreneurship existing in sport and sport management domains. Finally, suggestions are discussed for future studies.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the perception of covid19 on the entrepreneurial intention of tourism students with respect to the mediating role of the two factors of Proactiveness and optimism. The statistical population of this study included all students and graduates of the master's degree in tourism management of Maziar Institute of Higher Education in Royan in two majors of planning and marketing. Due to the epidemic disease situation and lack of face-to-face access to the statistical population, an electronic questionnaire was used on social networks with convenience sampling. Thus, 200 questionnaires without defects were collected, and the structural equation method with PLS software was used to analyze the data. Findings indicated that perception of Covid-19 did not directly affect students' entrepreneurial intent, but the mediating role of optimism in this regard was confirmed. The results also showed that the satisfaction of students' psychological needs directly and significantly affects students' entrepreneurial intention indirectly through optimism. On the other hand, the results showed that optimism about the future situation is a key factor in strengthening the entrepreneurial intent of tourism students, which can reduce the negative effect of the perception of Covid-19.

The main purpose of this study was to determine the effect of entrepreneurial orientations on financial performance among private sports clubs. In this correlational study (structural equation modeling), 224 private sports clubs were selected out of the 513 sports clubs in Tehran city using the relative stratified random sampling method, and their managers completed individual information and entrepreneurial orientation scale forms. The data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling at a 95% confidence level. The results showed that the levels of entrepreneurial orientations of private sports clubs in Tehran in the dimensions of innovation, Proactiveness, and competitive aggressiveness were higher than the average level, and in the dimensions of risk-taking and autonomy, they were at a moderate level. Based on the correlational analysis, the financial performance of a private sports club had significant and positive relationships with the overall level of entrepreneurial orientation and its dimensions, in which the strongest and weakest correlations were related to innovativeness and risk-taking, respectively. Structural equations modeling showed that the entrepreneurial orientations of innovativeness, Proactiveness, competitive aggressiveness, autonomy, and risk-taking had the highest share in explaining a club’ s financial performance, respectively, and overall, explained 58% of its variance. Based on the findings, entrepreneurial orientations, especially innovativeness and Proactiveness, can enhance the financial performance of a private sports club.

In the current age, having entrepreneur approach to public administration in public organizations is one of the critical issues that affect the output of the organizations, especially in developing and less developing countries. Although the approach is vital for public organizations, but unfortunately, few studies focused on it. The nature of the study is quantitative and based on applied and descriptive-survey method. Our population is comprised of 205 employees of oil industry research center. The data analysis is conducted through correlation, regression, and path analysis. The study found risk taking, innovativeness, and Proactiveness are three important variables which influenced the process of public entrepreneurship. Also the study found that specialization, goal ambiguity and multiplicity, and political influence didn’t affect the public entrepreneurship in the sample of the study.

Nowadays, the entrepreneurial activities are increasingly considered to be important for economic growth and competitive advantage. One of the concerns of managers is investment and the efficient use of information system. In this paper, the efficiency of the information system and organizational entrepreneurship is examined using the data collected through questionnaire from the University of Tehran. A range of techniques is used to test hypotheses and estimate empirical model. The findings of the study indicate that there is a significant relationship between information system indicators in administrative processes and organizational entrepreneurship at the University of Tehran. The information system indicators included in the model comprise the level of system quality, information quality, services, use of system and user satisfaction as well as efficiency of electronic system.

Objective: The main objective of this research is to examine the impact of entrepreneurship education on students' entrepreneurial intention, considering the mediating role of individual entrepreneurial orientation.Methods:This research, conducted in the form of applied quantitative study, involved the creation of a questionnaire based on previous research. It was conducted online in the second half of the year 2021. A total of 143 questionnaires were selected for analysis from among the students of the University of Tehran who had received entrepreneurship education. This sample size was deemed acceptable based on the required sample size. Data analysis involved regression analysis and partial least squares (PLS) structural equation modeling. Both Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability were used to assess reliability. Convergent and discriminant validity were evaluated using convergent and discriminant validity constructs.Findings: The results of this study indicate that dimensions of individual entrepreneurial orientation, apart from innovativeness, mediate the relationship between entrepreneurship education and the formation of entrepreneurial intention. Therefore, an excessive focus on innovation in entrepreneurship education should be reconsidered.Conclusion: The specific achievement of this study is the examination of the three dimensions of individual entrepreneurial orientation separately, which is known in research literature as a unidimensional study. Based on unidimensional research, the dimensions of a single variable (in this case, individual entrepreneurial orientation) and its relationship with other variables are measured. Therefore, in terms of the mediating effect of individual entrepreneurial orientation, this research has provided new insights.