PROACTIVENESS is a strategic orientation. Studies have shown that firms with higher PROACTIVENESS gain better performance than their competitors. So, identifying the factors that affect PROACTIVENESS is becoming more and more essential. Analytical orientation is known as a strategic orientation too. Analytical orientation means the inclination of firms toward using decision support systems, planning techniques, control systems, human resource planning, and executives’,performance appraisal. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between analytical orientation and PROACTIVENESS. Data collected from 91 managerial and economic consultancy firms in Iran. Data analysis was done using the structural equation modeling technique with SmartPLS3 software. Findings showed that analytical orientation has a positive significant effect on PROACTIVENESS. Those consulting firms which aspire to strengthen PROACTIVENESS should pay serious attention to analytical orientation.

Innovation, creativity and change are the key elements and unavoidable factors in sport. The importance of this issue encourages us to study sport from the point of view of entrepreneurship. During the recent years, spreading the sport management and development of entrepreneurship have created a new frame work in sport in a way that a new approach has been appeared regarding sport management and entrepreneurship. For this reason this article aims to study the relationship between entrepreneurship and sport in order to spread and develop the theory of entrepreneurship in sport management. Through studying the information gained in economics and sports marketing, we have been given the opportunity to identify the Innovations, PROACTIVENESS and risk taking in sport from which the dimensions of entrepreneurship has been out broke in this domain. Moreover, the current article implicitly points out the study related gap between entrepreneurship and sport management by introducing the different kinds of entrepreneurship existing in sport and sport management domains. Finally, suggestions are discussed for future studies.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of innovativeness, risk taking and PROACTIVENESS on performance with the mediating role of readiness to serve in governmental banks in Mashhad. From the viewpoint of objectives, the study is an applied piece of research, and the method of data collection is a descriptive and statistical. The population of the research consists of the managers and deputies of governmental banks in Mashhad. The sample size comprises 128 managers and deputies who completed the questionnaire. Structural equation modeling (SEM) has been used for the data analysis. The results confirm the mediator role of readiness to serve in the efficacy of innovativeness, risk taking and PROACTIVENESS in performance.

The main purpose of this study was to determine the effect of entrepreneurial orientations on financial performance among private sports clubs. In this correlational study (structural equation modeling), 224 private sports clubs were selected out of the 513 sports clubs in Tehran city using the relative stratified random sampling method, and their managers completed individual information and entrepreneurial orientation scale forms. The data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling at a 95% confidence level. The results showed that the levels of entrepreneurial orientations of private sports clubs in Tehran in the dimensions of innovation, PROACTIVENESS, and competitive aggressiveness were higher than the average level, and in the dimensions of risk-taking and autonomy, they were at a moderate level. Based on the correlational analysis, the financial performance of a private sports club had significant and positive relationships with the overall level of entrepreneurial orientation and its dimensions, in which the strongest and weakest correlations were related to innovativeness and risk-taking, respectively. Structural equations modeling showed that the entrepreneurial orientations of innovativeness, PROACTIVENESS, competitive aggressiveness, autonomy, and risk-taking had the highest share in explaining a club’ s financial performance, respectively, and overall, explained 58% of its variance. Based on the findings, entrepreneurial orientations, especially innovativeness and PROACTIVENESS, can enhance the financial performance of a private sports club.

In the current age, having entrepreneur approach to public administration in public organizations is one of the critical issues that affect the output of the organizations, especially in developing and less developing countries. Although the approach is vital for public organizations, but unfortunately, few studies focused on it. The nature of the study is quantitative and based on applied and descriptive-survey method. Our population is comprised of 205 employees of oil industry research center. The data analysis is conducted through correlation, regression, and path analysis. The study found risk taking, innovativeness, and PROACTIVENESS are three important variables which influenced the process of public entrepreneurship. Also the study found that specialization, goal ambiguity and multiplicity, and political influence didn’t affect the public entrepreneurship in the sample of the study.

Nowadays, the entrepreneurial activities are increasingly considered to be important for economic growth and competitive advantage. One of the concerns of managers is investment and the efficient use of information system. In this paper, the efficiency of the information system and organizational entrepreneurship is examined using the data collected through questionnaire from the University of Tehran. A range of techniques is used to test hypotheses and estimate empirical model. The findings of the study indicate that there is a significant relationship between information system indicators in administrative processes and organizational entrepreneurship at the University of Tehran. The information system indicators included in the model comprise the level of system quality, information quality, services, use of system and user satisfaction as well as efficiency of electronic system.

This paper aims to investigates the impact of dimensions of Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) on financial performance of west Azerbaijan SMEs in terms of the role of environmental dynamism. To accomplish this goal, using the questionnaire as well as drawing on a field study and survey, the impact of five dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation, namely innovation, risk-taking, aggressive competition, PROACTIVENESS and autonomy, are investigated. In other words, this research seeks to answer the following questions: do the dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation contain a positive impact on the financial performance of small and medium enterprises? What's environmental dynamism role? These questions are assessed through multiple regression and hierarchical regression. The results indicate that relationship between the four couples; innovation/ financial performance, risk taking/ financial performance, PROACTIVENESS/ financial performance and aggressive competition/ financial performance is significant and positive. but there is not significant relationship between autonomy and financial performance of SMEs. In addition, environmental dynamism moderates the relationship between the mentioned four couples. But environmental dynamism does not moderate the relationship between autonomy and financial performance.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of entrepreneurial orientation and market orientation on financial performance of Tehran city's private sport clubs. In this correlational study (structural equation modeling), 224 private sport clubs were selected using relative stratified random sampling method from 513 sport clubs of Tehran city, and their managers completed entrepreneurial orientation scale (Hughes & Morgan, 2007), and market orientation scale (Narver & Slater, 1990). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling at 95% confidence level. Basis on the results, the dimensions and overall level of entrepreneurial orientation (risk-taking, innovation, PROACTIVENESS, competitive aggressiveness, autonomy) and market orientation (customer orientation, competitor orientation, inter-functional coordination) had significant, positive and moderate to strong relationships with the financial performance of private sports clubs. Entrepreneurial orientation directly and indirectly through market orientation had a significant and positive effect on the financial performance, and entrepreneurial orientation and market orientation explain 58% of the variance in financial performance. According to the findings, entrepreneurial orientation, especially the orientation toward innovation and PROACTIVENESS, accompany with market orientation, especially customer orientation, can enhance the financial performance of the private sports clubs.

The present study aims to explain entrepreneurship at the air University. In terms of data collection the research method is descriptive. The population consisted of all faculty members experienced in Academic entrepreneurship. Using purposive sampling, 29 samples were selected by snowball technique. To measure the "entrepreneurial orientation" five components of innovativeness, PROACTIVENESS, risk-taking, competitive aggressiveness and autonomy and to measure "academic entrepreneurship" three components of novelty- seeking, advantage-seeking and opportunity- seeking was considered. In determining the validity of questionnaire of this study was greater emphasis on content validity. Cranach’s alpha reliability coefficient was used to determine reliability of questionnaire. In order to analyze data t- test was used to check the status of existing components. The chi-square test to check the current status of indices and to examine the relationship between the variables, structural equations and path analysis with PLS software is used. The total average score of risk-taking 2.61, competitive aggressiveness 2.69 and autonomy 2.89, innovativeness component 2.81, PROACTIVENESS 3.16, novelty- seeking 2.30, advantage-seeking 2.72 and opportunity- seeking 2.59. The result of structural equations analysis indicates that entrepreneurial orientation has a positive effect on academic entrepreneurship.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between selected entrepreneurial marketing’ s dimensions and brand loyalty in dairy industry. In this study, the dimensions and measurement instruments of entrepreneurial marketing, have been explored from customer’ s perspective for the first time in the literature, based on previous studies and examination of expert’ s opinions, and consequently their effect on customer loyalty to Kaleh has been evaluated. This research is applied in terms of purpose and the methodology used is descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of this research includes all citizens of Tehran who use Kaleh products. This research was completed in 1396 and In order to collect information, 380 structured questionnaires were distributed by simple random sampling among sample members, and information were analyzed by structural equation model analysis using the LISREL software version 8. 8 The results show that perceived innovativeness and perceived value creation have a positive effect on brand loyalty and perceived PROACTIVENESS have a negative effect on brand loyalty.