The main objective of this research was to evaluate reliability and validity of Recovery Stress Questionnaire for Athlestes (Rest Q-SPORT). Professional and semi-professional athletes of handball and basketball constitute statistical population of current work. Some 510 athletes were chosen in random as statistical samples. Measurement tool used was a Rest Q-SPORT comprised of 76 questions with 19 sub scales (general stress, emotional stress, social stress, struggle/strain, fatigue, energy deficiency, physical problems, success, social recovery, physical recovery, general health, sleep quality, impaired relaxation, emotional fatigue, injury, physical fitness, personal problems, self-efficacy, self-regulation). The scoring method was based on a 5-choiced Likert scale. Face and content validity of the questionnaire was verified after being translated by expert professors of physical exercise. Statistical methods applied were descriptive indexes for description of data, Cronbach’s alpha for reliability assessment, confirmatory factor analysis, and t individual samples for studying difference with average values. Research findings were indicative of a=0.98 reliability for Rest Q-SPORT. All questions showed significant relations with the factor in terms of structure validity and based on the extent of relations and T-values. Indexes of x2/df=2.03, RMSEA=0.052, NFI=0.97, NNFI=0.93, IFI=0.98, RFI=0.91, GFI=0.93, AGFI=0.90 also demonstrated fitness of the model altogether. Moreover, regarding the relation between factors and concept of improved stress for athletes, the obtained results indicated that all factors were able to predict the concept of improved stress well. Therefore, internal and external validities of the model “improved stress for athletes” were confirmed as well.

The aim of this research is to study the traditional Iranian SPORT (Zurkhaneh). Researcher has tried to study the origin, formation and development of this political and sociological event in Iran. In past, the human had to be strong to carry out his / her daily life duties. Training of the body and development of physical fitness copied from the Mother Nature has directed her / him to exercise and gradually this exercise was organized and became a SPORT. SPORT in most ancient countries such as Egypt, Iran, Greece, China, etc. was popular. In past, Iran had some religious beliefs (Avesta's book), illness was related to Ahriman (Satan) and by him illness could be imposed to human body. Therefore, it was Iranian's duties to fight against this Ahriman (illness). On the other hand, all Iranian families had responsibility to teach their children an exercise / SPORT. A review of literature in Iran shows a lot of information on this matter before and after Islam era. The kings and public champions used to make up some kind of relation between them and the national and ancient heroes. So, they could convince the public that their power and position is confirmed by the national heroes. Evolution in Zurkhaneh (from political and socilogical point of view) has two theories: 1. first theory believe that Zurkhaneh has a very long history as long as Iranian nation and Iran. 2. Second theory believes that the history of Zurkhaneh in Iran is not more than 300 years.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between SPORT orientation and competitive anxiety in male and female athletes of team and individual SPORTs who participated in 10th student SPORT Olympiad (1389). The present study was descriptive and correlation method was used. For this purpose, 688 subjects (337 females and 351 males) were selected as the sample by simple random sampling method. All subjects in the SPORT camp filled out Gill SPORT orientation and a few hours before the competition, they filled out Martin's competitive anxiety questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed by multivariate regression analysis, multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) and independent t test. The results showed that SPORT orientation could predict competitive anxiety. In fact, when competitiveness and goal orientation increased, competitive anxiety reduced while when win orientation increased, competitive anxiety increased as well. Female athletes were more anxious than males (P=0.001). Those subjects who were a member of individual SPORTs had more competitive anxiety than team SPORTs (P=0.004). Male athletes were more competitive and win oriented than female athletes while female athletes were more goal oriented than male athletes (P=0.002). However, there was no significant difference in SPORT orientation between team and individual SPORTs (P>0.05).

Innovation, creativity and change are the key elements and unavoidable factors in SPORT. The importance of this issue encourages us to study SPORT from the point of view of entrepreneurship. During the recent years, spreading the SPORT management and development of entrepreneurship have created a new frame work in SPORT in a way that a new approach has been appeared regarding SPORT management and entrepreneurship. For this reason this article aims to study the relationship between entrepreneurship and SPORT in order to spread and develop the theory of entrepreneurship in SPORT management. Through studying the information gained in economics and SPORTs marketing, we have been given the opportunity to identify the Innovations, proactiveness and risk taking in SPORT from which the dimensions of entrepreneurship has been out broke in this domain. Moreover, the current article implicitly points out the study related gap between entrepreneurship and SPORT management by introducing the different kinds of entrepreneurship existing in SPORT and SPORT management domains. Finally, suggestions are discussed for future studies.

The study is to clarify the status of SPORT and the needs of Urmia citizens to SPORTs spaces. The research was conducted as a descriptive survey and field. The population of the investigation was all over 20 yearold Urmia citizens who had at least a high school degree and 368 samples were chosen based on a Morgan.To collect the data, a questionnaire assessment of citizens in public SPORTs- by Majid Heydari Chrudeh (1390) - with reliability a=0.72 was used. This research is descriptive and inferential statistics (t-test and test, regression analysis multiple, Friedman test) was used. The results showed that, given the amount of F, there are significant differences (P<0.05) between the components of research among the citizens in terms of revenue (F=23.40), regional (F=6.82) and education (F=23.04). Also according to the t, there is not any significant differences (P<0.05) between the components of research among employees in terms of marital status (t=-1.76). Yet on the demographic characteristics gender (t=4.78) difference is significant. Friedman test results showed that the unevenness of the sidewalks and running the first priority, and the lack of space for families and not enough space for seniors to second and third, respectively the needs of the citizens. Therefore, it can be concluded that the authorities should adequately note about the result of the research in the field of SPORT for the development of quantitative and qualitative health of citizens apply.

The aim of this study was to identify SPORT marketing barriers in Iran from SPORT managers’ perspectives. The statistical population involved top managers of SPORT and Youth Ministry, National Olympic Committee and SPORT federations (N=80). Sample was equal to the population and 67 questionnaires were returned correctly. A researcher-made questionnaire (with 40 items) was used to measure SPORT marketing barriers in five factors including economic, legal, managerial, structural and environmental. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 10 experts and its reliability was obtained as 0.86 in a pilot study. Data analysis showed that SPORT marketing barriers in Iran were respectively legal, structural, managerial, environmental and economic. So, SPORT politicians must consider these barriers before designing SPORT marketing development strategies and determining their priorities.

social values and norms are reviewed and practiced by individuals membership in SPORT teams. This provides the promotion of social solidarity. According to the Nickson and Fray who are two pioneers of SPORT sociologist, the results of "Socialization through SPORT" causes learning and making individual believes, attitudes, skills improvement, role socialization and gender identity. These learnings are transmitted to the other aspects of athletic life, and cause many success in its realm of collective and group activities. In other words, these learnings lead to other life athletic situations. This study deals with scientific co-authorship which is concerned as an index of socialization through SPORT. The method of this study is content analysis and comparison of specific journals of athletic and non-athletic researchers and writers. In this paper 931 papers from 114 journals written in 1370s and early 1380s were studied with respect to the collaborative research and co-authorship. The result of this study shows that there are significant differences between two groups of athletic and non-athletic with regard to scientific group work. The graduated students of physical education in M.A and Ph.D degrees are much more than the others in sociology and economics. This survey indicates that educated women in SPORT major are more successful in scientific group work than other women in sociology and economics.  

In this research I have pointed out the various aspects of the relationships between SPORT and politics and at the end I have suggested some ideas for improving the SPORTs in Iran. on the basis of this research, the relationships between SPORT and politics is a bilateral relation, because from one hand the politics impacts on SPORT by making and implementing SPORTs' strategy and on the other hand, the SPORT impacts on politics by strengthening the human values, national unity and increasing political participation, and of course, especially when international SPORTs is implementing, it is misused by the world powers.