The pollen morphology and exine structure of sevenFumaria L. species were investigated using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The pollen grains of all seven species were porate with protruding on annulus.Pollen grains have six to twelve pores varying in shape from oblate spheroid and prolate spheroid to euprolate. The results indicate that the pollen characters of theFumaria species may provide diagnostic features for taxonomic applications.

In the present study, a comparative anatomical study of stem, midrib of basal leave and fruit is provided. In this paper, 45 anatomical characters of stem, midrib and fruit of some species such as Glaucium grandiflorum, G. fimbrilligerum, G. corniculatum, G. contortuplicatum, G. haussknechtii, G. elegans and other species such as Roemeria hybrida, R. refracta, H. pendulum and C. majus are presented. In this study, we report the presence of glandular hair in G. oxylobum and G. pulchrum for the first time. Among the examined traits, some traits such as shape of placenta, the presence of hairs, carpellary angle, the shape of carpellary angle, the number of external and internal layers of parenchyma of outer wall of ovary, the number of vascular bundles of placenta in the fruit and the presence of the central cavity, existence of hairy glands, the number of vascular bundles of phloem, lack of strengthening tissue surrounding the vascular bundles in the midrib of some species are different and the differences are significant enough to be useful in the delimitation of some species of Glaucium. Anatomical features of midrib in these genera indicate, in spite of some differences, the fundamental structure is similar, so cross section of blade by itself cannot be a good scale for identification of the species of the genus Glaucium and other genera. Anatomical features of stem are neither a suitable scale for separating species of Glaucium, nor for other genera. Anatomical features of fruit are useful in identification and determination species of genus Glaucium, but also, for four other genera, especially cross section of the fruit of H. pendulum showed significant differences in comparison with other genera.Some anatomical features of fruit in Glucium can be used in taxonomically grouping of the genus. The most important traits are the apparent shape of ovarian placenta.

The Papaveraceae family comprises more than 40 genera and 760 species. Papaver alkaloids have significant therapeutic importance in the treatment of various diseases and exhibit some antimicrobial properties. These alkaloids have been used in cancer medicine, cough, and hypertension. The main goal of this study is to determine the amounts of various alkaloids in samples collected from different regions of Iran. The findings of this research could provide valuable insights for the pharmaceutical industry. Two grams of dried and powdered plant material were extracted with 30 ml chloroform and 15 ml of 99% acetic acid for 30 minutes under sonication. The change in the pH of the sample was revealed by 10 through gradually adding ammonia. The mobile phases consisted of phosphoric acid and acetonitrile. The analysis of the Papaveraceae family in Iran was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection. This paper focuses on the Papaver alkaloids (noscapine, morphine, thebaine, papaverine, and codeine) found in three species of Papaver and four species of Glaucium. The maximum contents of noscapine (21.02 mg/kg DW), morphine (34.51 mg/kg DW), thebaine (6.96 mg/kg DW), papaverine (103.76 mg/kg DW), and codeine (3.63 mg/kg DW) were reported in Papaver rhoeas L., Papaver fugax Poir and., Glaucium oxylobum Boiss. & Buhse, respectively.

Fumaria (Papaveraceae) comprises 8 annual species with medicinal and weed importance in Iran. Numerical study of 40 accessions of 6 species of this genus in Iran was studied by using 38 qualitative and quantitative morphological features. Banding patterns of seed storage proteins using sodium dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) with extract of bulked seeds of some Fumaria species of Iran as: F. parviflora, F. vaillantii, F. asepala & F. indica has been studied. The results showed that despite morphological observations the two very similar and sympatric species, F. parviflora and F. vaillantii, are not closely related due to their SDS profiles. F. vaillantii showed more similarity in seed storage proteins to F. asepala and F. indica. The intermediate position for F. indica is in concordant with its proposed progenitor as: F. asepala and F. parviflora. Electophoretic results are compared with morphological studies.

In order to clarify the taxonomic state of some Iranian Papaver species, cluster and PCA analysis of data sets resulted from macro- and micromorphological study of 14 species belonging to the genus Papaver in Iran were performed. Macromorphological characters of all species included in the study were examined. Pollen grains and seeds belonging to the species were scanned using SEM microscopy. High correlation among the results obtained from analyses of 38 morphological, 11 palynological and 6 seed characters was observed especially at lower levels. Based on our results, P. gaubae is reduced as a variety named P. glaucum var. gaubae and the name P. piptostigma is regarded as a synonym of the older P. macrostomum. In addition, our results do not confirm opinions indicating synonymy of P. fugax with the older name P. armeniacum. Also, P. halophilum is regarded as a variety of P. macrostomum.

The genus Argemone is recorded by the species Argemone ochroleuca as a new genus for the flora of Iran. The specimens have been collected from Jiroft in Kerman Province, southeast of Iran. Description, localities, habitat, and geographic distribution are discussed. The images of plant in its natural habitat and of the herbarium specimen are presented.

In this study, fourteen species of Glaucium Mill. were studied and morphological and micro-macromorphological characters were evaluated. The understudied species assessed by biometric study, and about 28 qualitative and 37 quantitative characters were assessed. Phenetic analysis was carried out using SPSS software, and phenograms of these species were prepared. Furthermore, PCA analysis was carried out and the most variable characters were determined. Finally, the seeds and pollen grains of these species were also investigated using S.E.M electronic microscope, and the tables of characters were formed individually for them. Afterward, phenetic analysis and phenogram preparation were done based on morphological characters of seeds and pollen of the species, and the following results were obtained:1. Distinction of G. leiocarpum Boiss., as a distinct species fromG. oxylobum Boiss. & Buhse in contrary to what mentioned in Flora Iranica. 2. Synonymy of G. oxylobum subsp. rechingeri Mory, with the type variety. 3. Synonymy of G. haussknechtii Bornm. & Fedde. with G. grandiflorum Boiss. & Huet. 4. Introduction of a new species named G. golestanicum Gran & Sharifnia. 5. Preparation of the table of characters for pollen and seeds of all taxa.

Members of Papaveraceae have varied alkaloids compound and they are important in pharmacological purpose. there physiological, allelopathical and antagonistic properties in these plants pay attentaion less. Recent research pay attention to comparative antioxidant compounds such as anthocyanin, alkaloid, flavonoid and phenol in Papaver chelidonifolium Boiss. & Buhse, Roemeria refracta DC. and Chelidonium majus L.. Plants were gathered during spring (86-88) in Golestan, Mazandaran and Tehran provinces. Then our study was done. Our results showed that, the most anthocyanin, flavonoid and alkaloid belong to shoot of Ch. majus the least anthocyanin and flavonoid are in shoot and root in R. refracta. The most phenolic compound were in the shoot of P. chelidonifolium and root of Ch. Majus and R. reracta has the least phenolic compound in shoot and alkaloid in root too. also P. chelidonifolium has the least alkaloid in shoot and phenolic compound in root.

During the taxonomic revision of the genusGlaucium, G. contortuplicatum var. hirsutum is described as a new variety. This taxon differs from the type variety by having dense and appressed trichomes all along ovary (or junior silique). Leaf epidermis micro-characters of these two taxa are also compared. G. leiocarpum and G. elegans var. integerrima are reduced to synonymy of G. flavum and G. elegans var. elegans, respectively. Additionally, morphological characters and geographical distribution of the taxa studied in the world and in Iran are presented.