The ANTHOCYANINs of Siahe Sardasht variety (Vitis vinifera L. var. S.S.) were extracted from freezed samples and were purified by adsorption on cationexchange resin column. Individual pigments were separated by TLC on cellulose plates. Monomeric ANTHOCYANIN content that was determined by pH-differential, was 1740.11±3.58 mgL-1 (based on malvidin 3-glucose). Five major pigments were identified by 1H-NMR, IR and UV-Visible spectroscopies. All pigments were acylated with acetyl groups and three of them were acylated with malonyl groups.

Chamomile is one of the important medicinal plants in commerce that has many applications in drug and sanitary industries. In order to evaluate the genetic diversity of different chamomile landraces (Matricaria aurea (Loefl.) Sch. Bip.) based on random and Semi-random primers, 16 landraces that collected from different areas of Iran were selected. Twenty-two random primers for RAPD marker and Twenty-two semi-random primers from IT (intron-targeting) and ET (exon-targeting) primers with 15-mer and 18-mer were used in this study. Genetic similarity between landraces was estimated using Jaccard's similarity coefficient. Cluster analysis was conducted with UPGMA methodusing NTSYS-pc ver 2.02 software. The number of polymorphic bands generated by random primers varied from 5-13 and varied from 6-21 for semi-random primers. According to the cluster analysis on both random and semi-random primers, 16 populations were classified into three groups. Based on similarity matrix, Tabriz landrace had minimum similarity with other landraces. Compare between random and semi-random primers showed that semi-random primers had more ability in produce polymorphism.

In this study, optimum conditions of ANTHOCYANINs (Acys) extraction from petals of saffron flower (Crocus sativus) were determined by acidified ethanol solvent. The independent factors were solvent to sample ratio (20- 80 ml/g), percent of ethanol (25 -75%), temperature (25-45oC) and extraction time (8-24h). Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine optimum conditions of extraction of ANTHOCYANINs with the highest extraction rate of cyanindin-3-glucoside. The experiments were designed according to Box Behnken Design with four independent factors. Obtained coefficients of variance showed that the effect of temperature was more markedly than others (p<0.05). Optimum extraction conditions were a ratio of 20 ml solvent/g sample, ethanol percent 25.02 %, temperature 25.8oϹ and extraction time 24h. Under these optimum conditions, 1609 11mg/l Acys was produced. A quadratic reduced second-order regression equation described the effects of independent process variables on extraction Acys from Saffron flower.

The essential oil of Rosa damascena Mill. is one of the most valuable and important base material in the flavor and fragrance industry. It has also some medicinal properties. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between ANTHOCYANIN and essential oil content of Damask rose petals in 6 important Damask rose growing in some locations of Iran i.e. Meimand, Layzangan, Shiraz Eram Botanical Garden, Shiraz College of Agriculture, Kashan and Urumia. The results of this investigation indicated that the essential oil and ANTHOCYANIN contents were significantly different in the petals harvested at various locations. The highest oil content (0.155%) and ANTHOCYANIN content (2.368) was obtained from the Shiraz Eram Botanical Garden. A high positive correlation (r Sq Linear=0.812) was obtained between oil and ANTHOCYANIN content of Damask rose.

Background and objectives Color is one of the most important properties for consumer acceptance. Pigments (natural dye compounds) are the safest dyes for oral use. ANTHOCYANINs are the most important group of natural pigments after chlorophyll that are non toxic, water soluble and widely present in plant cytoplasm. These flavonoid pigments are responsible for the colors of red, blue and purple in many fruits, vegetables and flowers. Echium Amoenum is one of the most important medicinal plants in the country. This plant is cultivated in many parts of the world for therapeutic purposes and uses many flowers and leaves of this plant. The general objective of this research was to optimize the conditions for extraction of ANTHOCYANIN pigment from the Echium Amoenum petals. Materials and Methods In order to determine the optimum conditions for the highest extraction of ANTHOCYANIN pigment from Echium Amoenum petals by solvent soaking (methanol/water) effects of three variables of temperature (60, 50 and 40 ° C), time (3, 4 and 5 h) and the weight ratio of Echium Amoenum petals to the solvent (3 and 5 g). Therefore, 18 treatments were designed in accordance with a complete full factorial design. Methanol and water were mixed at 0. 5 to 1. 5% volumetric/volumetric ratio. Extraction conditions were considered in accordance with the design of table treatments. The amount of ANTHOCYANIN extracted from each treatment was measured by differential pH method by spectrophotometer. Using the results of the tests, the best conditions for extracting the extract from Echium Amoenum petals were predicted with the highest ANTHOCYANIN level. Statistical analyzes were done in Minitab 16 software as a full factorial design. Results The linear effects of temperature, time and weight ratio of Echium Amoenum petals to the solvent on ANTHOCYANIN content were significant. Interaction and quadratic effects of temperature, time and weight ratio of Echium Amoenum petals on ANTHOCYANIN changes were not significant. The results showed that extracted ANTHOCYANIN content increased significantly with increasing temperature, time and weight ratio of Echium Amoenum petals to the solvent. Optimal conditions to extract the highest amount of ANTHOCYANIN extracts from Echium Amoenum petals (229. 191 mg/l) were predicted at temperature, time and weight ratio of Echium Amoenum petals at 60 ° C, 5 h and 5 g, respectively. The optimal predictive conditions for extraction of pigment from Echium Amoenum petals were performed in the laboratory. The results showed that there was no significant difference between predicted and experimental extraction conditions. Conclusion By replacing natural dyes instead of conventional synthetic dyes in foods, can take a positive step towards the health and safety of food. A full factorial design is a safe way to predict the conditions for the extraction of pigments from plants.