Feyz Kashani was among the well-known personages in Isfahan school of thought, who has reconciled various tendencies. He was an Akhbari (i. e. traditionalist)2 jurist with gnostic thoughts and philosophical method. Feyzs perception of politics, as a thinker contemporary to philosophical renaissance of the Isfahan school, was under the influence of his tendencies and noetic, 3 philosophical and gnostic system. He considers the universe as the place for manifestation of divine knowledge, and the man as a theosophist being who covers the path towards knowing God. This wayfaring towards God is some kind of politics as well because the goal of politics and religion is the mans felicity. This article aims at exploring the political thought of one of the most important intellectual figures of Isfahan school, and using the method of analysis of noetic system, we are seeking to investigate types of politics in Feyz Kashanis view with an emphasis on two treatises entitled Â, ʾ, î, na Shâ, hî,and Rafʿ,al-Fitna. The main question of this article is as follows: What is the relationship between the gnostic-noetic system and Feyz Kashanis attitude towards politics, and what has been the effect of this attitude on his typology of politics? The results we obtained from this study show that Feyzs noetic system has a direct relation with his political attitude and, accordingly, he maintains that the true politics which is a type of politics of external state is dependent on the politics of the soul or the internal state, i. e. the human state. On the basis of the relationship between these two principles, Feyz Kashani offers a typology of politics in proportion to his noetic-gnostic system. He speaks of these two types and five types of politics and state in the practical level. Here, we explain them.

Iranian Journal of Pediatrics lost a famous Editorial Board member and the Iranian medical community lost a leader on 27th March 2013, with the death of Prof. Mohsen Ziai, at age 86. Prof. Ziai was highly respected and widely regarded as a giant in pediatrics, not only in Iran, but in the U.S. as well. Numerous textbooks teach pediatrics but no book is written on how to become a noble, dedicated and superb pediatrician. However, the life story of Prof. Ziai, illustrates how a young man from Khorasan, Iran, traveled to the U.S. soon after World War II, received a great medical education, returned home to practice and teach medicine, and ended up with a highly distinguished career in pediatrics.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Majles-e-Ara is a version of moral-narrative educational texts of the ١, ١, th century AH written by Mohammad Mohsen Shirazi in forty hadiths and Majlis. The purpose of this study is to express the characteristics of the stylistic index of this work. Research Method: The present study is a theoretical study and has been done in a documentary (library) method. METHODOLOGY: The present study is a theoretical study and its method of data collection is documentary (library). FINDINGS: Categories such as the use of words, phrases, hadiths in Arabic, the use of the ancient form of continuous verbs, the use of prefix verbs, the omission of verbs to the verbal counterpart, the use of the plural verb for the singular verb, the use of prayer verbs, interest Taking from rhetorical and spiritual rhetorical industries such as rhyme, pun, simile, metaphor, allusion, etc. are important linguistic and literary features of the work. In terms of intellectual level, he has dealt with moral issues such as advice, sermons and guidance by quoting verses and hadiths from the Prophet (PBUH) and the Imams (AS) and the poems of great poets. CONCLUSION: Majles-e-Ara is a prose work mixed with order and has a simple and fluent prose, and at the same time it has convincing words and coherent and strong combinations and includes subtle and long themes and is close to the words of prominent masters of past centuries. It seems that in this case, Saadi's method in Golestan has had an effect on the author of the work, in which the frequency of literary arrays such as prostration, pun and metaphor is higher.

This article attempts to read Mohsen Makhmalbaf’s Dastforush (1987) in the light of literary theories of modernism. The approach adopted here derives its main concepts and terminology from the literary theories of modernism, which include in particular the episodic nature of narrative structure and alienation as a prevailing theme in modernist film/literature. It is argued that as a result of the emergence of relativity principle in science and philosophy, modern implications of time and subjectivity have overshadowed “objective” descriptions in modernist film/literature. The first part of the article (Techniques) deals with the film’s modernist narrative structure and multiple points of view adopted by the camera; in the second part (Themes) alienation has been discussed as a prevalent theme both in modernist literature and in Dastforush. References are also made to some outstanding modernist texts such as William Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury and Samuel Beckett’s plays.

Introduction: The illustrators of lithographic books are important research components that remain unknown to the audience interested in this field except for limited cases. According to the studies of "Ulrich Marzolph", 46 book illustrators have been identified in the field of the lithographic printing industry of Iran in the Qajar era, 19 of whom are on the list of the most famous ones. Mohsen Tajbakhsh, as one of these distinguished but little-known artists, has made a significant contribution to the expression of the public culture of the Iranian people, and his works have represented the technical and visual qualities of reproduction of pictures through lithography in his time. This study seeks to introduce Mohsen Tajbakhsh as a hard-working and active artist in the late Qajar and early Pahlavi periods. Also, identifying, categorizing and visual analysis of his works is one of the main goals of this research.Research Method: The present research is descriptive-analytical, and data collection was conducted through direct access and study of manuscripts using library sources and written documents.Findings: Even though Mohsen Tajbakhsh followed the artists before him in illustrating books, features such as short and large human bodies, round faces with almond-shaped eyes, smiling lips, tall horses with long legs, etc., are the distinctive features of his illustrations which makes it possible to distinguish Tajbakhsh's works from others. Also, comparing his miniature paintings with others makes it possible to realize more simplicity and fewer details in his illustration technique.Conclusion: Mohsen Tajbakhsh was a hard-working illustrator who lived in Tehran during the era of Ahmad Shah Qajar and Reza Shah Pahlavi and illustrated many books with religious, folk-romantic, and school themes. In the illustration, he has adopted the style of artists before him, and despite the trend towards realistic illustration in the mentioned period and access to such miniature paintings, he has chosen traditional Iranian illustration, simplicity in expression, creating flat images without volume and perspective, etc.

Literature is the cultural heritage of nations and a manifestation of their civilization, culture and thought. This heritage has recorded historical and political aspects as well as socio-cultural and religious events using literary genres and poetry. The sorrowful event of Wahhabism in the Islamic world created a split in the cohesive fabric of the Islamic Ummah with its sectarianism and false thought as well as perverted religious decrees. The system of "Al-Aqud al-Darya on Al-Wahhabi suspicions" documented the suspicions of this stream. As rational and narrative reasons in defense of this belief - it indicates the institutionalization of religious themes and beliefs that are worthy of research and investigation. But the poet has tried to answer the Wahhabi beliefs and their suspicions by referring to the Qur'an, hadith, the life of the Prophet, and the stories of the early days of Islam. The three hated symbols of extortion, apostasy or takfir and terror are among the most prominent features of the illegitimate Wahhabi movement, which caused them to distance from Islam and Muslims and created a crisis in the Islamic world. Like other destructive movements, they placed falsehood and deception in order to achieve their goals, by forwarding slogans of monotheism and avoiding polytheism and dismantling superstitions and heresies. Allameh Syed Mohsen Amin, a committed writer and poet, aware of such dangerous goals, rose to fight against them with the language of poetry and discovered and exposed the misleading thoughts and divisive fatwas of Wahhabism. He used verses, narrations, traditions, anecdotes and historical events of early Islam to prove his beliefs. This article aims to take a brief look at the history of the Wahhabi movement with a descriptive-analytical method and then examine the thematic and rhetorical literary system of al-Aqud al-Dariyyah.

According to Molla Mohsen Feiz Kashani, a philosopher, a jurisprudent, and the interpreter of the holy Koran, the method of research about religion depends on the reliability and validity of wisdom. He considered a significant role for wisdom and intellectuality and took advantage of them in his interpretation of religious texts. He was a traditionist who tried to explain and interpret the religion accurately and logically with his independent reasoning in traditions. Some believe he, as a traditionist, did not value wisdom and understanding. The purpose of this study is to prove that it is not the case through the search in his books. Although he was a traditionist, he considered intellect and wisdom significantly. In his method of interpretation he logically removed controversies in traditions and through logical reasoning he explained about the verses and traditions.

This article offers a critical analysis of the Persian translation of Spinoza’s Ethics by the late Dr. Mohsen Jahangiri. The critique is limited to the first part of the book, titled “On God,” which comprises approximately 15 percent of the total text. According to the translator’s preface, Jahangiri based his work on three English translations—those by White, Boyle, and Elwes—and acknowledged his limited knowledge of Latin, noting that he consulted Latin experts when faced with discrepancies. The translation’s inaccuracies can be attributed to two main sources: (1) some errors are inherited from the English translations he used, stemming from his selection among them; (2) others appear independently of any of the English versions and must be attributed directly to the Persian translator. While recognizing the immense value of Jahangiri’s pioneering effort in translating Spinoza’s work, this article argues that his version cannot be considered a fully reliable rendering of a first-rank philosophical text. Numerous significant inaccuracies are found in the translation of the first part, even though minor issues have been omitted from this critique. In some cases, the intended meaning has been seriously altered, potentially leading Persian readers to misunderstanding. The ultimate cause of these issues is the translator’s lack of direct engagement with the Latin original. It should be noted, however, that in our present age—marked by the abundance of digital tools and online resources—the work of translators and critics is in many respects easier, and perhaps less weighty, than that of previous generations.

The decade of 1958-1968 is one of the most important periods in Iraq's contemporary history, during which important events took place and led to the successive transfer of political power between parties and groups. The basic questions of this research are as follows: What was the position and role of Ayatollah Seyyed Mohsen Hakim as the head and leader of the Najaf seminary in the political developments of this decade? How are his achievements and legacy for the Iraqi Shia community and the Shia authority institution evaluated? The groups and parties active in the socio-political arena of Iraq in this period, despite all the differences in intellectual and ideological bases, were unanimous in confronting and suppressing the Shiites. In these years, Ayatollah Hakim, the most prominent scholar of Iraqi Shiites and the leader of Najaf seminary, appeared as an influential activist in the socio-political atmosphere. His most significant achievement was ending the Najaf seminary's half-century of inaction and silence regarding the socio-political developments of the Islamic world and preventing the political systems ruling Iraq from isolating the Shia community and the Shia authority. Relying on historical sources, the present research explores this issue with a descriptive and analytical approach.

The dictionary Kholasat al-loghat, compiled by Ebn-e Abu al-Mohsen Mohammad Jonabadi (died in the 16th century) consists of two chapters. The first chapter includes Arabic words together with their Persian translation, and the second chapter comprises Persian words followed by their Arabic meanings.The present article makes a thorough study of this dictionary in respect of the languages and dialects used in it. The prominent languages appearing in this word list are: Arabic (with Shami, Yamani, Kufi, Baghdadi and Mesri [Egyptian] dialects); Indian; Turkish; Rumi [Latin!]; and the Iranian languages including Pahlavi, Khwarazmi, and the Ancient Persian. Besides, this article addresses the dialects of different cities and regions of Iran named in the dictionary: places such as Azerbaijan, Isfahan, Khorasan, Kerman, Shiraz, Hamadan, Marv and Transoxiana. In the end, reference is made to the degree of influence received by the Kholasat al-loghat from other word lists, especially from the Taj al-masader.