Harmful effects of chemical control of mulberry pests and disease for silkworm rearing will make the selection of high resistant plants to play a magnificent role on improvement of sericulture actives. Recognition and propagation of high disease resistant varieties of mulberry will prompt the quality and quantity efficiency of mulberry leaf as exclusive feeding resource for silkworm rearing and improve cocoon and silk output consequently. Mulberry powdery mildew is knownas one of the most important fungous disease all over the world. During this study in gat 2000-2001, Phyllactinia guttata was recognized as pathogen of disease in Gilan and 4 improved mulberry varieties i.e. KM, KN, I and SI as well as one local variety have been studied at Pasikhan site of Iran Sericulture Co. First year evaluation was based on natural contamination of 625 leaves of each variety selected from 25 trees as a colon. At second year, after relative expansion of disease from the most susceptible areas of Gilan (Roudbar and east zones) the infected leaves were collected and washed in 0.78% Glucose solution. The prepared suspensoid with concentration of 2x105 conidia/ml were sprayed on isolated sapling of each 5 varieties (each variety 10 sapling). After 10 days KM variety showed the first symptoms of disease under greenhouse conditions. 5 leaves of each tree were surveyed after full expansion of disease under natural condition and contamination level was coded based of 0-7 scale. Severity index (S.I. or PDI) during two years in spite of slight differences showed the following fashion: SI< I < KN< Local< KM. Chemical analysis of normal and infected leaves from the aspect of qualitative parameters such as protein etc. showed decreasment (sometimes increasement) in infected leaves in each variety which was corresponded with the mode of severity index of varieties.

Black mulberry is considered one of the most valuable fruits in complementary medicine, with its fruit, leaves, bark, and roots offering significant benefits in the food industry, cosmetics, and especially in the treatment of various diseases. In traditional medicine, black mulberry and its products have been used to treat pharyngitis, enlarged tonsils, sore throat, oral rashes, and swelling of the tongue. The purpose of this study is to review the therapeutic effects of black mulberry in both complementary medicine and modern research. This study is a review. In this review, traditional Iranian medical texts such as Makhzan Al-Aavieh, Qanun fi Tab, Alshamel, Zakhire Kharazmashahi, Riyaz Al-Adavieh, and pharmacopoeias like Qarabadin Kabir and Qarabadin Halali, along with other traditional medicine books like Summary of Al-Hakamh, Tab Akbari, and Elixir Azam, were examined regarding the habitat, appearance, actions, and therapeutic properties of black mulberry in traditional medicine. Important and effective formulations containing black mulberry were extracted from these pharmacopoeias. To explore recent studies related to the therapeutic effects of black mulberry, relevant articles were searched using Persian and English keywords in domestic and international databases from 2000 to October 2023. Keywords such as "black mulberry," "Morus nigra," "Shahtoot," "Toot siah," "traditional medicine," and "complementary medicine" were used to search databases like SID, Magiran, Irandoc, PubMed, ScienceDirect, DOAJ, and Google Scholar, and both Persian and English articles were reviewed. According to traditional Iranian medicine texts, black mulberry is used to treat mouth ulcers, rashes, plague, and swelling and inflammation of the pharynx, larynx, and tongue. It is also used to strengthen joints, lower blood pressure, treat fever, protect against liver damage, and aid urination. Furthermore, black mulberry paste is recommended for improving nocturnal snoring and dyspnea in children. In Chinese medicine, black mulberry and its various parts have been used to improve symptoms of type 2 diabetes, obesity, lipid disorders, and antimicrobial conditions. Black mulberry is a rich source of polyphenols, including anthocyanins. It has been shown to have one of the highest antioxidant capacities among fruits. In patients with type 2 diabetes, black mulberry products have been found to reduce symptoms such as frequent urination and polyphagia, as well as alleviate neurological complications. Other benefits include increasing HDL levels, reducing LDL, lowering hemoglobin A1C, and decreasing triglycerides. The findings suggest a strong concordance between traditional medicine sources and modern scientific research. Therefore, by examining historical texts and incorporating new scientific discoveries, medicinal products from black mulberry could be developed for the treatment of various diseases.

In review conducted from fruit trees in Khorasan (Razavi, North and South) provinces, a bud gall mite species were collected on white mulberry trees, Morus alba L. (Moraceae) in 2005-2007. On the host trees, some branches were observed with swollen buds and without leaf. The mites were extracted by directly from buds for identification. Specimens were maintained in clearing media and after preparing slides, identified by scientific keys. The results showed that, this mite is Aceria mori (Keifer, 1939) belong to the family Eriophyidae. This is the first report of this mite from Iran. Necessary methods were presented to prevent the distribution on seedlings and older trees.

In this study, the pruned branches of mulberry trees mixed with industrial wood chips were used in the manufacturing of particleboard. Then, the physical and mechanical properties of the boards were investigated. For this purpose, the study variables included the amount of mixing of mulberry branches with industrial wood chips in four levels (0/100, 10/90, 20/80 and 30/70) and the amount of urea formaldehyde resin at two levels (12 and 14% of the dry weight of the wood chips). The results showed that increasing the amount of particles obtained from mulberry tree branches up to 20%, had no negative impact on the physical and mechanical properties of the boards. Increasing the amount of these particles up to 30 percent had a negative impact on the physical and mechanical properties of the boards. However, with increasing the amount of urea formaldehyde resin up to 14%, dimensional stability, bending strength, modulus of elasticity and internal bonding of the particleboards can be improved.

Background and Objective: Due to an increase in spontaneous abortions finding a safe and secure method is inevitable. Some medicinal herbs have abortifacient properties. This study was done to determine the effect of abortifacient effect of mulberry white root in mice.Methods: In this experimental study, 50 mice dams were randomly allocated into five groups including control, sham and experimental group 1, 2 and 3. Animals in control group did not receive any substance.Animals in sham group were received normal saline, intraperitoneally. Animals in experimental group 1, 2 and 3 were received doses of 50, 70 and 90 mg/kg/bw of the alcoholic extract of root of mulberry white during the 7th to 12th days of pregnancies, intraperitoneally, respectively. At the 16th day of the pregnancy the uterine tubes of mice were removed and the absorbed fetuses were recorded.Results: The mean of absorb fetuses was 7.4, 7.6, 1.8 and 3.1 in the experimental group 1, 2, 3 and sham, respectively. There was a significant relation between the mean number of aborted fetuses and concentration of strawberry root (P<0.05). The apparent anomaly in fetus was not recorded.Conclusion: Root of mulberry white has abortifacient effect with dose-dependent manner.

Background & Objective: In traditional medicine, leaves of white mulberry (Morus alba L. ) are used as antidiabetic agents. Considering the presence of flavonoids, this plant exhibits insulin mimetic activities. Nesfatin-1 is described as an anorexigenic regulatory peptide, which can influence glucose metabolism via insulin sensitivity enhancement. This study examined the effects of both mulberry leaf powder and extract (MLP and MLE) on fasting blood glucose (FBG), nesfatin-1, and insulin in diabetic Wistar rats. Materials & Methods: Five groups of rats (n, 40) were included and examined in this study. A group was selected as the healthy control (I), while the other groups received streptozotocin and nicotinamide (55 and 110 mg/kg bw, respectively) for diabetes induction. Diabetic rats were then grouped as follows: control group (II); sham group (receiving ethanol) (III); treatment group receiving 600 mg/kg/day of MLE (IV); and treatment group receiving 25% MLP (V). After 6 weeks, we measured insulin, nesfatin-1, and FBG in the groups. Results: The FBG level decreased in the treatment groups, while serum insulin increased in comparison with the diabetic controls. In addition, serum level of nesfatin-1 improved significantly (to an almost normal level) in MLP rats in comparison with the diabetic controls. (pvalue<0. 05) The effects of MLE on serum nesfatin-1 was similar to MLP but not significant. (pvalue>0. 05) Conclusion: Considering the reduction in insulin level and the rise in blood glucose, the diabetic control group showed an increase in serum nesfatin-1 with a compensatory mechanism, while hyperglycemia improved in the MLE and MLP groups, and the level of nesfatin-1 reduced. MLP showed greater efficacy than MLE in the improvement of nesfatin-1, which might be related to the presence of ethanol in MLE.

Purpose: The texture is an essential feature of the nutritional value of fruit and vegetables and plays a critical role in the acceptance and success of these products by the consumer. However, mechanical injuries cause softening and abrasion in the mulberry fruit tissue during harvesting, difficult to assess. The experiment was conducted to estimate the mulberry fruit texture model by linear measurements for several harvesting conditions. Research method: The mulberry may fall from the highest or middle branches or harvest by hand since three heights, including 0, 1.5, and 3 meters, were considered for both maturity stage, including purple and black stage, for dynamic loading experiments to measure texture in an orchard simulated ambiance. Mulberry fruits were stored at 3 °C for seven days. The abrasion area of mulberry fruit was determined by image analysis. Also, TA-XT PLUS Texture Analyzer (micro stable system, England) was used to perform the compression tests of mulberry fruits. Regression analysis of abrasion area versus practical factors (harvesting method, maturity stage, and storage time) was used to develop several models for assessing the area of fruit abrasion. Findings: The combined effect of hot water for 3 minutes with 3% citric acid resulted in better quality fruits (less mass loss, less degradation of soluble solids, organic acids, and vitamin C), in addition to delaying the development of browning pericarp and pulp until the sixth day of storage. Limitations: No limitations were founded. Originality/Value: These models promisingly and accurately estimate the abrasion area of fruit without applying any inaccurate procedures, e.g., using a caliper in many experimental comparisons.

Background and Objectives: Mulberry (Morus spp. L.) is one of species belong to Moraceae family. There are twenty-four species of Morus and one subspecies, with 100 known varieties. The various methods used in classification of Morus were mainly based on the conventional systematic studies and agronomic characters. Despite the widespread genetic diversity in Iranian mulberry, so far, the identification of these plants have not been selected, and introduce for cultivation. Field expeditions were carried out in 2008 and 2014. Collections were made from different regions (Tehran, Mazandaran, Kurdistan, Markazi, Khuzestan, Fars, West Azarbaijan, Isfahan, Hamedan, Khorasan, South Khorasan, Semnan, Ardabil, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, East Azerbaijan) in Iran. Characterization of leaf and fruits was based on Morus descriptors developed by the International. Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI). The aim of this study was evaluation of genetic diversity and mulberry clustering genotypes, on the basis and quantitative traits and to determine the genetic distance among studied genotypes.Material and Methods: Mulberry trees are widely distributed in Iran. 118 samples selected from Mulberry population based on descriptor developed by International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) were evaluated for their morphological trait. The quantitative and qualitative traits were measured according to International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV). When the data was denoted through descriptive statistics, were conducted. The analysis of variance with the PROC GLM procedure was applied to distinguish the effect of the genotype into treatment and regions within each area as replication on the analyses traits. The mean separation was conducted through the LSD test.Results: Results reflected a significant diversity in the assayed Mulberry germplasm. It was noted that the characteristic trait of leaf margin, petiole length, and flower diameter were reflected higher coefficients of variation that were higher diversity among investigated genotypes. Therefore, there is the possibility of selecting genotypes for different values of an attribute. All other related traits with high coefficients of variation are more diverse than other trait, which reflected low variable. coefficient variation value.Discussions: The value of the correlation coefficient (r) was noted to be positive significant for the harvest time of fruit ripening (r = 0.82, P<0.001), the shape of inflorescence at the time of fruit ripening (r=0.71, P<0.001). Some value correlation obtained for 'Brix' versus time of fruit ripening (r= 0.60), Brix and fruit shape (r=0.28), fresh weight vs. the time of ripening (r= 0.81), which were found to be positive at 5% level. The result indicates that the fruits are harvested almost simultaneously ripened in a long time unlike other fruits. Clustering (Ward linkage) based on morphological trait clearly separated genotypes into three main groups. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to determine the morphological distinction between the populations. The first component contributed 0.65% the total variation contributed by all traits. Overall, the results showed that great morphological variation among the plant population.

Common drying systems, including hot air convection, infrared, vacuum and IR-convective were employed to investigate and analyze the drying process of mulberry fruits. To evaluate the effect of pretreatment on the drying phenomenon, samples were pretreated by being subjected to: microwaves, chemical preparation, mechanical as well as blanching approaches. Results revealed that the microwave pretreatment, integrated with IR-convective dryer required the lowest time needed for drying mulberries. Furthermore, the experimental data were fitted to semi empirical as well as theoretical models to achieve the most suitable function governing mulberry drying process. Eventually, Page Model proved to perform best with regard to its high coefficient of determination, low value of c2 and root mean square of error.