Removal of carbonate impurities in sedimentary phosphate is one of the most important issues in the industry. Poor selective flotation of those ores is due to the similarity of Physico-chemical surface properties, solubility, and electrokinetic characteristics of sparingly soluble phosphate and carbonate minerals. In this study the effect of ultrasonic irradiation as a PRETREATMENT method on reverse flotation of low-grade sedimentary phosphate sample from Lar Mountain deposit was investigated. Ultrasonic was utilized before flotation at different ultrasound intensity. This study was performed by two flotation approaches; i) using experimental design (Plackett-Burman method with 11 variables), and ii) try and error method. Initial mineralogical studies showed that the feed sample contains 10. 34%P2O5, 48. 01%CaO, and 9. 22%SiO2. The collected data from experimental design were analyzed by DX7. 0 software to assess the influence of each parameter on flotation performance. The results indicated that ultrasound intensity, collector dosage, and dispersant dosage were the effective parameters. The results of the try and error method showed that the conditioning time was the most effective parameter in which by reducing ultrasonic preparation time the recovery was increased relative to 33. 29%. Finally, the kinetic flotation tests and SEM studies were performed. The results proved surface cleaning of phosphate minerals which treated by ultrasound irradiation that led to better adsorption of chemicals which increased the recovery and grade of P2O5 for 87. 88% and 14. 45%, respectively. However, the application of the ultrasonic treatment reduced the flotation chemicals’ consumption which is a prominent issue for phosphate treatment.

Moisture sorption isotherms are useful in predicting shelf-life stability and in calculating the variations of moisture content during drying, storage and packaging.In this study, the moisture sorption isotherms for pretreated seedless grape were determined using a static-gravimetric method at 40, 50, 60 and 70oC, and the effect of PRETREATMENT solutions on the isotherms was investigated. In order to describe the sorption moisture isotherms, the BET, GAB and Halsey equations were tested to fit the experimental data by using non-linear regression analysis method. According to the modeling results, the GAB and Halsey equations gave the best fit for the samples. The net isosteric heat of desorption was calculated according to the obtained isotherms at different moisture content.

This investigation was conducted to evaluate the effects of the osmopriming on seed germination of rapeseed, under water stress condition. The design of the experiment was a factorial completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The experimental factors were three rapeseeds cultivars, (Cobra, SImo46 and Okapi), three levels of Osmopriming (0, -3, -6, -9, -12 and -15 bar) and three levels of water stress (-5, -10 and -15 bar). At the first stage seeds were immersed in one level of Osmopriming treatment for up to 48 hours at room temperature. Then the seeds were distilled by water for 24 h at 30°C and subjected to water stress treatments for two week. The results showed that Osmopriming technique had a significant effect (p<% 1) on seedling parameters including: dry weight of seedlings, length of radicles and plumules, rate and period of germination. The upper levels of osmopotential had more inhibition effect on plumula growth than the lower levels of osmopotential. Means comparing showed that the most and least rate of germination was obtained by Okapi and Cobra hybrids, respectively. Under water stress conditions Okapi hybrid had longer radicle, more lateral roots and higher proportion of root to plumule then the other cultivars. Thus this cultivar was more resistance ant to water stress.

The efficiency of existing municipal wastewater treatment plants has been affected by the increase of incoming organic load caused by the expansions in developing countries. In the present investigation, the effect of Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment (CEPT) process was studied on the enhancement efficiency of a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Tehran, Iran.Jar test results showed an increase in COD, phosphorus, turbidity and TSS removal by the increase in dosage of aluminum sulfate and ferric chloride as coagulants. Results revealed COD, phosphorus, turbidity and TSS removals of 38, 66, 68 and 69 %, for alum at 80 mg/L and 60, 73, 49 and 48 % for ferric chloride at 70 mg/L as the optimum doses, respectively. Ferric chloride revealed more efficient results compared with alum. The result of tests to find the optimum pH of two coagulants revealed that pH of 8.2 for both chemicals is the optimum performance condition. Therefore, CEPT can be used as an efficient method in conventional municipal wastewater treatment plants to reduce the organic load of biological treatment and enhance the removal of nutrients.

To assess the effectiveness of ondansetron PRETREATMENT in alleviating propofol injection pain, 135 patients were randomly assigned to one of following three groups. Group 1 who received up to 2 mL PRETREATMENT 50 mg tramadol in the saline, group 2 cases who received up to 2 mL PRETREATMENT 4 mg ondansetron in saline, and group 3 who received up to 2 mL solution saline. A 20 gauge cannula was placed into the largest vein on the dorsum of the hand. Tourniquet was closed to the arm above the cannula and inflates to 70 mmHg, and then drug was injected. After 20 seconds, the tourniquet deflated, and propofol 2mg/kg injected over 10 seconds and pain assessment was made.Results: Tramadol and ondansetron significantly reduced the incidence and severity of propofol injection pain more than placebo (P=0.001). The efficacy of ondansetron in alleviating the pain on injection of propofol was no different from tramadol (P=0.330). Ondansetron PRETREATMENT may be used to reduce the incidence of pain on injection of propofol, an advantage added to the useful prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting.

From the standpoint of processing, hard chromium layer plate may be applied to steels, cast iron, aluminum and nickel base alloys. Cast iron can be plated provided that the surface is capable of conducting the required current and is reasonably free of voids, pits, gross silicate inclusions, and massive segregation. There are many difficulties arising from graphite phase and deposition of hydrogen on the surface of gray cast iron (G.C.J). To obtain desired hard chromium coating with acceptable adhesion, special PRETREATMENTs should be used. In this paper the surfaces of G.C.I. were prepared in sulphuric acid, chromic acid + S04-- by anodic etching phosphoric acid + sulphuric acid solution by electro polishing and sulphuric acid + fluoridric solution by dipping in the different conditions. The best results for removal of graphite from the surface of specimens are obtained after anodic etching in 60% H2S04 solution.