Introduction: One of the etiological causes of nonulcer dyspepsia (NUD) is H. pylori infection. The role of H. pylori infection in dyspepsia and its accompaniment with hormonal disorders remain controversial. We studied the association between existence of H. pylori and variation of Colecystokinin (CCK) and gastrin in NUD patients.Methods: One hundred consecutive out patients with NUD that referred to Taleghani Hospital in Tehran from May 2002 to January 2003 were studied. Demographic and clinical examinations were fulfilled and basal serum gastrin and CCK level and IgG anti H. pylori were measured. After through endoscopic evaluation, gastric mucosal biopsies were taken from all patients for investigation of H. pylori (Rapid urease test (R.U.T), direct exam and IgG Anti H. pylori tests) and histological assessment.Results: 100 NUD patients including 48 (48%) male and 52(52%) female were studied. 11 patients were smoker. Fullness (62%) was the predominant symptoms in them. 59% of patients complained of abdominal pain, 57% of early satiety, 42% of anorexia, 17% of dysphagia, 46% of nausea and 20% of vomiting. 78 (78%) of patients were H. Pylori positive.In H. pylori positive group, the mean± SD of CCK was 1.06± 0.40 and gastrin was 6.68 ± 7.82. In H. pylori negative group the mean ± SD of CCK was 0.92 ± 0.31 and gastrin 8.20 ± 12.58. There was no significant difference in gastrin and CCK serum level between H. pylori positive and H. pylori negative in nonulcer dyspeptic patients. Conclusion: According to high frequency of H. pylori in NUD patients, the investigation of patients for the presence of H. pylori in patients is recommended. We didn’t find any relation between H. pylori infection and the serum level of gastrin and CCK in NUD patients.

There are many chemical receptors in the membrane of the tracheal smooth muscle cells through which different neurotransmitters and chemical agents affect them and result in an increase or decrease of airway resistance. Bronchial constriction is a relatively increasing symptom due to air pollution , thus many investigators are trying to find the agents that are involved in bronchoconstriction. Cholecystokinin (C.C.K) is one of these agents that is released from the nerve endings in the airways , but the function of this polypeptide is not known yet. In this study , isolated tracheal specimens lengthing about 5 cm were mounted in anoryan bath filled with krebs solution. Electrical stimulations in different voltage (10-30 V) and frequencies (20 - 60 Hz) were applied to the lower end of the specimens via a bipolar silver stimulatory electrode , and any altration in the tracheal length and tracheal pressure were recorded by using an isotonic transducer and a pressure transducer connected to a two channel oscilograph.To assess the effect of C.C.K on rabbits tracheal smooth muscle , different concentrations of C.C.K was added to the solution bathing the specimens. Our data showed that C.C.K alone had no effect on the tracheal smooth muscle but could potentiate the effect of electrical stimulation in a voltage and frequency dependent manner. This effect was also concentrations dependent up to 10-7 molar (C.C.K) which showed the maximum effect on tracheal length and intratracheal pressure which (0.01). were increased significantly from dose of the control (Since different concentrations of C.C.K had no on tracheal smooth muscles by themselves but they augmented the responce to electrical stimulation suggest that C.C.K may act as a neuromodulator in the respiratory airways.

The effects of cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor antagonists on hypothermia induced by cocaine or morphine have been studied in mice. In the present work, subcutaneous (SC) injection of cocaine (50-150 mg/kg) or morphine (125-500 mg/kg) induced hypothermia in mice. Administration of CCKA receptor antagonist MK-329 (0.5-1.5 mg/kg), CCKB receptor antagonist L-365, 260 (0.5-1.5 mg/kg) and CCK receptor antagonist proglumide (15-45 mg/kg) 60 min. prior to cocaine injection reduced hypothermia induced by cocaine. MK-329 or proglumide also reduced the morphine response. Single administration of MK-329 and L-365, 260 to mice decreased mice core body temperature. It is concluded that the hypothermic effect of cocaine and morphine may be mediated through CCKA and CCKB receptor mechanism(s).

Aim: It was aimed to assess the association of four polymorphisms and relative haplotypes in the ATP binding cassettes and cholecystokinin A receptor (rs6720173, rs11887534, rs4148217, rs1800857) with the risk of gallstone. Background: Gallstone is a multifactorial disease. Besides high penetrance genes, low or moderate penetrance polymorphisms may increase susceptibility to gallstone. Methods: 200 gallstone patients and 251 healthy controls were analyzed in a case-control association model. Genotyping was carried out by restriction fragment length polymorphism. Randomly 10% of samples underwent for direct sequencing to confirm results. Results: Heterozygote variant of rs11887534 demonstrated protective effect on the risk of gallstone susceptibility in males (P=0. 013; OR=0. 125; CI95%=0. 048-0. 325). In contrast, C/C genotype associated with gallstone susceptibility in females (P=0. 004; OR=5. 555 CI95%=1. 975-10. 632). Moreover, rs1800857 showed association only in females (P=0. 019; OR=0. 283; CI95%=0. 099-0. 811). Haplotype analysis for rs1800857 showed GC, CC and CA association with gallstone. Conclusion: The most imperative polymorphisms of contributing genes to gallstone were analyzed in this study and rs11887534 and rs1800857 appeared to be associated with gallstone, which is expected to be further verified in a larger cohort in the future.

Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the association between HMGB1 gene expression and cholecystokinin levels in patients with gallbladder disease before and after cholecystectomy. Materials & Methods: This experimental study was conducted at the College of Science, Wasit University, Iraq. Patient samples were collected from Al Karama Teaching Hospital and Al Zahraa Hospital between October 2023 and July 2024. The study included 40 patients with cholecystitis, who were divided into two categories; 20 pre-surgery patients and 20 post-surgery patients, along with 20 healthy controls. The age range of participants was 20 to 79 years. Serum cholecystokinin levels were measured using ELISA, while HMGB1 gene expression was analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Findings: There was a significant increase in serum cholecystokinin levels across all study groups (p<0.05), with no significant difference between post-surgical patients and healthy controls (p>0.05). HMGB1 expression level was significantly higher in pre-surgical patients (4.91±0.51) compared to post-surgical patients (1.95±0.24) and healthy controls (1.0; p<0.05). Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that cholecystokinin had an area under the curve of 0.717 (p=0.002), with 72.5% sensitivity, while HMGB1 expression showed excellent diagnostic accuracy with an area under the curve of 0.950 (p=0.001) and 95.0% sensitivity. There was a significant positive correlation between HMGB1 expression and cholecystokinin levels both before (r=0.323, p=0.042) and after (r=0.419, p=0.033) surgery. Conclusion: HMGB1 expression is significantly associated with gallbladder disease progression, with levels decreasing after cholecystectomy.

Background and Aim: Despite proving the role of cholecystokinin (CCK) and the central histaminergic system in the regulation of food intake in birds and mammals, no findings have been presented regarding the interaction between these two systems. Therefore, the present study was designed and implemented with the aim of investigating the role of central histaminergic receptors in changes in food intake caused by CCK8S administration in broiler chickens. Methods: For this purpose, chicks were injected intracerebroventricularly (ICV) at the age of five days. In the first experiment, control solution and CCK8S in doses of 0.25, 0.5, and 1 nmol were administered, and in the second experiment, control solution, CCK8S (1 nmol), α-FMH (histamine synthesis inhibitor) and CCK8S + α-FMH were administrated. Experiments 3-5 were similar to the second experiment except that instead of α-FMH, chlorpheniramine (H1 receptor antagonist), famotidine (H2 receptor antagonist) and thiopramide (H3 receptor antagonist) were injected. Then, cumulative food consumption was measured at 30, 60, and 120 minutes after injection. Results: According to the obtained results, CCK8S injection decreased food consumption in chickens in a dose-dependent manner (p ≤ 0.05). Also, despite the ineffectiveness of separate injection of sub-effective doses of histamine receptor antagonists, the combined injection of α-FMH and chlorpheniramine with CCK8S significantly weakened the reduction of food intake induced by CCK (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: These findings indicate that the hypophagic effects of CCK8S may be mediated via H1 receptors in broilers.

This study aimed to assess the possible feeding behavior alterations by central interactions of cholecystokinin (CCK) and glutamatergic systems in neonatal chickens. In experiment 1, chickens received intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of saline and CCK (CCK4,0. 25, 0. 5, and 1 nmol). In experiment 2, birds were ICV injected with saline, CCK8s (0. 25, 0. 5, and 1 nmol). In experiment 3, chickens received the ICV injection of saline, CCK8s (1 nmol), MK-801 (15 nmol), and co-injection of the CCk8s+MK-801. Experiments 4-7 were performed similar to experiment 3, except for chickens that were injected with CNQX (390 nmol), AIDA (2 nmol), LY341495 (150 nmol), and UBP1112 (2 nmol) instead of MK-801. Subsequently, the total amount of the consumed food was determined. According to the results, the ICV administration of CCK4 (0. 25, 0. 5, and 1 nmol) could not affect the food intake in chickens (P>0. 05). The ICV injection of the CCK8s (0. 25, 0. 5, and 1 nmol) led to a dose-dependent hypophagia (P<0. 05). Moreover, hypophagia induced by CCK8s decreased by the co-injection of the CCK8s+MK-801 (P<0. 05). These results showed that the hypophagic effects of the CCK on food intake can be mediated by NMDA glutamate receptors in layer-type chickens.

Cholecystokinin (CCK), a peptide hormone found in the gut, is the most abundant peptide neurotransmitters in the brain, and its acute effects on the brain activity have been shown. In this study we aimed to evaluate the acute effects of CCK on short-term synaptic plasticity in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the rat hippocampus. Via stereotaxic surgery, the stimulating and the recording electrodes were placed in the perforant pathway and dentate gyrus, respectively and 30 min after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of CCK octapeptide sulfated (CCK-8S, 1.6 mg/kg), evoked responses were recorded after delivering of paired-pulse stimulations at 10 to 500 ms inter-stimulus intervals. With respect to the control group that received saline instead of CCK, in baseline responses, slope of field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) 5 min and 10 min after injection of CCK-8S (p<0.05) and population spikes (PS)-amplitudes 5 min after injection of CCK-8S (p <0.05) were significantly increased. In paired pulse responses, PS amplitudes were increased in the CCK group, but these enhancements only were significant at inter-stimulus interval 40 ms (p<0.05). However fEPSP slopes were decreased at inter-stimulus intervals 70 ms (p <0.05), 120 ms (p <0.01), 150 ms (p <0.001) and 300 ms (p <0.001). The results showed that CCK-8S has a transient excitatory effects on baseline responses, but it inhibits paired pulse indices in acute. Therefore, in a short period of time, effect of CCK on the function of synapses is time dependent, and it has stimulatory or inhibitory effects at different time periods.