Objective: This research aimed at comparison effects of a new and current "training program for community rehabilitation workers of Community Based Rehabilitation", in enhancing their knowledge, attitude and skills.Materials & Methods: In this experimental field trial, a total number of 34 newly engaged local trainers in Lorestan province were divided randomly in two (16 and 18 peoples) interventional groups based on geographical location of their work places Teaching methods were roll playing, problem solving, and learning by doing in new program and the booklets were revised in terms of fluency and a guideline booklet for trainers were added in this program but the teaching method was reading booklets and demonstration of the skills in current program. Knowledge, Attitude and Skills of trainees assessed just before and after the training course based on the material which were used for the training course. K.A.P. changes of two groups were compared by independent t-test, Mann Whitney, Wilcoxon & Chi square.Results: Mean knowledge and skills scores increments were remarkably more significant after attending new course than after passing the current course (P<0.001) and more rehabilitation workers who attending new course use practical guides in addition to verbal instructions to train disabled people and their families (P=0.028). There were no significant differences in attitude changes among the two groups.Conclusion: As trainees learned more by means of the new training course and the two courses were not so different in the resource allocation, substituting the new method to the current one should get consideration.

The aim of this study was to investigate the work ethics of the employees of Medical-Rehabilitation Centers under Supervision of the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Scienses of Tehran in1392 based on individual characteristics. In this study, a correlational design was used. 183 Employees of the Medical-Rehabilitation Centers under Supervision of the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Scienses of Tehran completed the Personal Information questionnaire and Petty’s work ethics scale (Gregory C. Petty, 1990). The results showed a significant relationship between age, gender and marital status and work ethics of the employees of Medical-Rehabilitation Centers under Supervision of the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences. The results of the present study, in line with many previous studies, in addition to accepting the socio-cultural influences on employees, work ethic in various formal and informal institutions, highlights the role of individual characteristics (such as age, gender and marital status) in the rate of work ethics and its various dimensions.

Background and objectives: The varied benefits of the forest and its diverse management approaches give rise to conflicts among stakeholders. In this context, laws and regulations have been established over time to protect and sustain forest ecosystems. Conflicts in forest management are a natural phenomenon, making it crucial for forest-dependent communities to comprehend and appropriately resolve arising conflicts. The perception and awareness of local communities regarding the type and level of conflict with conservation forces play a pivotal role in sustainable forest management. In this regard, the present study aimed to examine the understanding and resolution of conflicts between local communities and forest conservation forces in the Zarrin-Gol watershed area of Golestan province, utilizing a quantitative and deductive approach.Methodology: In this study, 485 households from forest-dependent communities were selected in six watersheds of the Zarrin-Gol area in Golestan province. Approximately 190 households were chosen as the sample using systematic random sampling. A questionnaire served as a tool to measure the perception of local communities and the applied approaches to conflict management. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed through the opinions of natural resource experts, and its reliability was established by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Following data collection through a survey, data analysis was conducted using SPSS-25 software with the Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman correlation tests.Results: The results indicate a significant difference in the perception of local communities regarding conflicts with forest protection forces at a 99% confidence level. Their contextual understanding, with an average of 2.09, was higher than their innate response to conflicts. Cooperative strategies and compromise were predominantly employed by local communities in managing conflicts with forest conservation forces, as opposed to avoidance and competition strategies. Additionally, individuals with a better understanding of conflict tended to use cooperation and avoidance more in conflict resolution. Conversely, those with a lesser understanding of conflict tended to rely on stress and confrontation strategies in managing conflicts.Conclusion: In general, the local communities' comprehension of the nature and extent of disputes can significantly impact the utilization of comprehensive conflict management methods. Implementing facilitative activities to broaden the scope of communication and social interactions, strengthening social capital, increasing knowledge and awareness of the rural environment (including the explanation of ownership systems and responsibilities), and establishing alternative livelihoods in rural areas to reduce the dependency of local communities on forest products are among the most crucial recommendations for mitigating conflicts in the study area.

In general the councils of foreign governments are formed in ports and cities with which those governments have had relations and interactions. Although England did not have any subjects or any trade with the southern states of the Caspian sea, it established a council in Rasht and a council representative in Astarabad. It also charged some native employees from those states in these councils. The present study deals with the causes for the establishment of these councils by England and the fate of their native employees. The study reveals that the founding of these councils only had political aims. The native employees did not earn much in spite of serving the British Imperialism.

Objective Paying more attention to human factors is undoubtedly one of the most important organizational principles. Job Satisfaction is one of the most important issues related to human resources in organizations and job dissatisfaction can decrease the productivity of the employees. In this regard, their occupational health is regarded as the science of workforce health in any organization. The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of Occupational Health Management and job satisfaction and the relationship between these two factors in the staff of rehabilitation centers in Tehran. Materials & Methods This descriptive correlation study was conducted on 1403 employees of 28 rehabilitation centers in Tehran during the second half of 2017. Sampling was done through the census. Research data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of two researcher-made questionnaires of occupational safety and health status and standard job satisfaction questionnaire. At first, the instrument used to assess occupational safety and health status for rehabilitation centers was developed and then, with the opinion of academic experts, the validity of the instrument was confirmed using the formal credibility and content validity index and the necessary corrections were made. In addition, 5-10 staff working in rehabilitation centers were asked about the content, clarity, and simplicity of the questionnaire terms. Content Validity Index (CVI) and Content Validity Coefficient (CVC) were 0. 68, 0. 83, 0. 69, and 0. 83, respectively, for Occupational Health Management and job satisfaction. Instrument reliability was also assessed using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient, which was 0. 872. Finally, after verifying the validity and reliability of the instrument, a questionnaire was used to collect the research data. Shapiro-Wilk, Wilcoxon, and Spearman correlation tests were used to analyze the findings. Data analysis using Version 22. 0. Armonk; NY: IBM Corp; SPSS V. 20. Results The participants in this study included 657(46. 8%) male and 746(53. 2%) women. The results showed that the average score of Occupational Health Management variables and its sub-scales was higher than the mean Likert scale. Job satisfaction variables and its subscales, other than the pay-asyou-go variable, were higher than the mean Likert score. The variables in "Occupational Health Management", "Public Safety", "Fire Extinguishment and Crisis", and "Ergonomics and Psychological Factors" were 0. 65, 0. 57, 0. 60, and 0. 79, respectively. Job satisfaction variables for job satisfaction, job, supervisor, coworker, and employee promotion were respectively 0. 09%, 0. 4%, 0. 25%, 0. 6%, and 0. 83% of the obtained variable. The regression coefficient between the two variables of Occupational Health Management and job satisfaction was 0. 267. Conclusion According to the evaluation of the prepared and completed questionnaires, the results of this study showed that the level of job satisfaction and occupational health management in the studied centers is relatively favorable. Also, the results of this study confirmed that there was a significant positive correlation between the Occupational Health Management and the staff’ s job satisfaction working in rehabilitation centers (P<0. 001). It was argued that implementation of programs the extent to which occupational safety and health management system such as HSE in rehabilitation centers can affect the employee’ s job satisfaction. Therefore, it is necessary to provide more job satisfaction to the personnel of the centers by planning and following the necessary improvements to improve the level of health and safety of the occupational health centers. This will be important in the quality of the provided services.

Background and Aim: Organizational commitment necessitates employees continuing to work in the same organization for a longer period of time. The present study aimed at exploring the relationship between organizational commitment and productivity of psycho-rehabilitation team members.Materials and Methods: In this correlational study, 90 members from 291 psycho-rehabilitation team members of Razi center who were selected by stratified sampling out of the staff with different disciplines were assessed. Allen-Meyer organizational commitment questionnaire (Content Validity Index) /CVI =0.68, test, re-test reliability=0.94, and Heresy and Goldsmith productivity questionnaire (CVI=0.61, test, re-test reliability=0.88) were used to evaluate the participants organizational commitment. Both questionnaires were self-contained. After trying the normality of the distribution of the points by means of Kolmogorov Smirnov correlation between productivity and each component of organizational commitment was evaluated using Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficient.Results: The study population included 10 psychiatrists, 11 occupational therapists, 15 psychologists, 9 social workers, and 45 nurses. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between organizational commitment and productivity (r=0.357), between affective commitment and productivity (r=0.239), between continuous commitment and productivity (r=0.303), and between normative commitment and productivity of psychorehabilitation team members (r=0.275).Conclusion: In general, it is necessary to promote productivity of rehabilitation teams through planning for due efforts and necessary interventions.

Objectives: However rehabilitation and disability in their modern concept are found in ancient world and medical textbook to a limited rate, the background of treatment and rehabilitation is obviously found in the history of the most ancient territories to coincide with religious beliefs.The aim of this research is study of the effects and reliable documentations remained from ancient times regarding the abovementioned title so that we can evaluate and determine the role of Iranian civilization in the formation of rehabilitations and empowering in the world today on the basis of scientific evidences and proofs.Materials & Methods: In this qualitative research, reviews in historical documents have been used. After defining the objective and making given hypotheses, data has been collected form reliable sources which were then verified through internal and external critic.Results: In ancient Iran, Ahuramazda is the source and origin of all goods while all pains, suffering, disabilities are Devil temptations. Iranian civilization is among the earliest civilizations using scientific methods and herbal drugs for treatment and empowering. Gondi Shapor University was among the first medical universities proceeding to treatment and rehabilitation. As well there had been some places at that time where disabled people were maintained and kept.Conclusion: At the time western world and other nations involved ignorance and unawareness, frightening from hard diseases, threw disabled people to the sea, Iran was the cradle of civilization, wisdom and the biggest medical university. As there are very limited documents and evidences with discrete subjects on the matter, any point and statement in this research work indicate important, critical and undeniable facts the interpretation and description of which is put for the future researches and readers.