One of the ways to create jobs is increasing the capacities of jobs through new investments. The aim of this research is to analyze the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) on job creation in Iran. Thus, 1970-2010 statistical data have been used to survey the relationship between foreign direct investment and employment in a theoretical and experimental frame. By specifying an econometric model, the relations between the variables have been estimated by ARDL model. The results of research show that, foreign direct investment directly and meaningfully influences the economic growth to the extent that it improves the process of job creation opportunities in short run (0.1286) and long run (0.1261). Error correction coefficient (ECM) obtained in this model shows that in each period 10/2 percent of inequelibrium will justify and close to the long run imbalances. CUSUM and CUSUMSQ structural stability tests show that the estimated coefficients are stable over the period.

This paper aims to determine the short and long-term changes in exchange rate uncertainty on exports of Iranian date during the period of 1980-2011. To calculate the exchange rate uncertainty generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) was used. Then, to examine the relationship between exchange rate uncertainty and date export, the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) was applied. The results of this study indicate that; exchange rate uncertainty has significant negative effect on date exports in the short and long-term. Also, income of importing countries and domestic production has positive effects on exports of date. But export price of date has negative impact on the exports of date. Thus, pursuing policies to stabilize foreign exchange market could cause to increase date export.

Several studies have estimated production function in agriculture. Most of them have used econometric methods. Recently, the heuristic algorithms have been widely used in optimization problems. In this paper, genetic algorithm model compared with Auto regressive distributed lag approach to estimate production function in agriculture. Time series data related to agricultural value added, labor, energy and capital was used for 1978-2008. Comparing the results of two methods based on two criteria of Root Mean Square Error and Coefficient of Determination indicated that genetic algorithm was more suitable than ARDL approach for estimating production function.

The relationship between financial development and income inequality is one of the topics that has been the focus of researchers and economic policymakers since the 1990s,hence extensive empirical studies attempt to determine the type of effect of financial development on income inequality in the world. In Iran, in recent decades, studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of financial development on income inequality within the framework of the inverted U hypothesis and linear relationships between these indicators. In the present study, the asymmetric and non-linear effects of financial development on income inequality for the period 2013-2016 have been investigated. The current research method is organized in the category of applied research, and for this purpose, the NARDL model has been used,the use of this approach is the distinguishing feature of the present study compared to other studies conducted in Iran. The results show that financial development has a negative relationship with income inequality in Iran, and this relationship is consistent with the inequality reduction hypothesis. Also, the existence of long-term asymmetric effects has been confirmed in the model, so increasing and decreasing the financial development of income inequality in the long term bears different statistical effects.

This study employs the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to estimate the natural gas demand in six economic sectors, including household, agriculture, transportation, commercial, industrial, and power plants. The data used for this analysis spans during thr period of 2011 - 2022 and is derived from the national energy balance sheets. The modeling results indicate that the price elasticity of demand in the estimated functions is very low, meaning that the gas demand in these sectors is not highly responsive or sensitive to price changes. One reason for the low price elasticity is the regulated pricing of natural gas in these sectors. Additionally, the low price, assuming other conditions remain constant, reduces the sensitivity of consumers to price fluctuations. In most sectors, the elasticity of value-added and GDP surpasses other elasticities, highlighting that income has a more significant impact on natural gas demand. This effect is particularly pronounced in the industrial and power plant sectors. Therefore, the gas demand in these sectors is closely tied to the level of economic activity.

Rural inhabitants’ perception of better life changes when observing the success of other people, and hope to emulate their success. They know that University degree can lead to a higher expected income. In fact urbanism has some benefits but the costs (pollution, congestion, and crime) are also pervasive in developing countries. In order to better understand the problem, and examine policy measures for controlling its negative externalities, it is of importance to study and analyze the factors which may affect migration. Therefore, in this study we investigated this important issue with emphasis on the effect of rural literacy level on rural-urban migration by using an Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model utilizing time-series data related to the years 1959-2005 in Iran. Results indicate that in long term, rural literacy level has the most effect on this function. It was also found that, 1% increase in rural wage, urban wage, rural value added and rural literacy level can cause 0.25% decrease, 0.32% increase, 0.16% decrease and 0.32% increase in migrant’s number, respectively.

Introduction Increasing inequality and concentration of incomes in the upper-income classes is the main reason for the decline in living standards of people in the lower-income classes. Thus, increasing inequality in income distribution will be directly related to the spread of poverty in poorer communities and low-income groups. Therefore, addressing the issue of income distribution in rural areas of developing countries is one of the most important research priorities. Changes in income distribution in rural areas of Iran have had an almost constant trend in the long run. However, in some years, including over the past decade and in recent years, rural income inequalities have been on the rise. Therefore, planning to reduce inequality in rural areas of Iran and analyze economic policies related to income distribution from various dimensions, especially from the perspective of deprivation is very important. Credit policy has always had a special place in development programs so that the provision of banking facilities is one of the effective and determining factors in the desirable growth and development of economic sectors. Therefore, considering the importance of the issue of income inequalities in rural areas of Iran, this study evaluates the impact of credit policy on income inequalities in rural areas of Iran. Materials and Methods In this study, the income inequality index (Gini coefficient of rural areas) is considered as a function of rural credits and other economic factors affecting this index including GDP of Iran's agricultural sector, the capital stock of Iran's agricultural sector, income to expenditure ratio of rural areas of Iran and subsidies for agricultural inputs. After evaluating several econometric models, a logarithmic model was finally specified and estimated. For this purpose, the approach of the autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL) and time series data from 1986-2018 was used. Results and discussion According to the results, the adoption of credit policy has had a significant effect on reducing income inequalities in rural areas in the short and long run. The results of this study also showed that increasing the real capital stock of the agricultural sector in Iran reduces income inequalities in rural areas. In addition, increasing the share of incomes from annual rural expenditures was found to be effective in reducing income inequalities. Therefore, it seems that increasing the real capital stock of the agricultural sector in various ways can directly increase the assets and incomes of the villagers by strengthening the financial capacity and income of the villagers and consequently improve the distribution of rural incomes. In addition, it can indirectly and by strengthening the credit support of the villagers, lead to greater success of credit policy in this area. According to the results of this study, the real growth of the agricultural sector and subsidies for agricultural items will increase income inequalities in rural areas of Iran. Suggestion In order to reduce income inequality in rural areas of the country, pursuing and continuing the implementation of credit policy due to its sustainable and long-run effects on reducing inequality in rural income distribution in the country is the first policy recommendation in this study. In addition, facilitating capital increase processes in the agricultural sector with a focus on micro-beneficiaries is another policy recommendation in this study that can facilitate the implementation of credit policy by supporting the receipt of credit for micro-owners.