Snakebite is considered a major health threat in Iran, mostly caused by pit vipers(Crotalidae species). A bite by a viper snake causes the release of plasma and blood tothe tissue around the bite inflammation and tissue damage. The occurrence ofepididymitis in the absence of a bite in the scrotal area is an unusual phenomenon. Inthis case report study, we reported epididymitis in a 16-year-old patient who wasbitten by a viper on the right leg. This patient initially experienced local bleeding,reversible coagulopathy (thrombocytopenia and increased prothrombin time andinternational normalized ratio), leukocytosis, and neutrophilia. Due to the occurrenceof a new organic complication, re-administration of five vials of snake antidotepolyvalent serum along with corticosteroid, pain reliever, and antihistamine alleviatedepididymitis and the patient was discharged consequently with full recovery. In thisarticle, the details of the relevant diagnostic and treatment for this young person areprovided.

Background: Testis torsion is an emergency medical situation, requiring decisive action for diagnosis and treatment. 40% cases of scrotal pain are due to this problem. The most important differential diagnosis includes testis appendix torsion, idiopathic scrotal swelling, epididymoorchitis, and epididymal torsion. Materials and methods: This retrospective-descriptive study has performed on 63 children referring to Mofid hospital during 1994-1999. Epidemiological characteristics, clinical manifestations and the age of the candidates were all collected. Results: Diagnosis was made mainly by clinical manifestations. Testis torsion (33.3%) and its appendix torsion (27%) were the most common forms. Meanwhile, most of the candidates had less than one year old (22.2%). The most common presenting sign was pain and swelling (27%), whereas pain itself and swelling itself were reported in 23.8% and 25.4% of the cases, respectively. Among those who undertook operation (73%), 11.1 % had orchidectomy and 20.6% had appendectomy. All of these patients presented with pain, swelling, and redness whereas 80% came over 12 hours post the occurrence of the presenting signs. Conclusion: The study revealed that prompt diagnosis and treatment of the patients with scrotal pain or swelling could prevent from orchidectomy or appendectomy.

Introduction & Objective: Vasectomy is the most effective permanent contraceptive method in men. It is a simple operation that infiltrates the men with extelling the sperms from ejaculated semen from penis during intercourse. This surgery can perform with different techniques and like other surgeries can be complicated with some side effects. Each of vasectomy techniques have got advantages and disadvantages. Our purpose in this study are comparing of two different surgical techniques for vasectomy and determining of its disadvantages. Two performed techniques were: 1. ligation of vas ends 2. Cauterization of vas ends.Materials & Methods: This study was prospective and descriptive (case-series). The samples were the men referring for outpatient surgical vasectomy at outpatient operating room in Baghiatallah hospital. One hundred patients underwent vasectomy surgery were selected for one of mentioned methods (at two group of 50) and after studying of sheets and ask them, we assessed the duration of operation, intensity of pain during surgery, intensity of pain after surgery, outcome on number of coitus and outcome on libido, haematoma, infection, granuloma, epididimits, chronic pain after surgery.Results: The results, point that the group underwent cauterization in comparison to the group underwent ligation had got less duration of operation (mean 7.56 min versus 9.88 min), less intensity of pain after operation (3 cases versus 10 cases), less cases affected with epididimitis (2 cases versus 8 cases) and less cases affected with epididimits (zero cases versus 5 cases), in other aspects there were no significant differences between two groups.Conclusions: By regarding the less time of surgery, and less pain after surgery, less granuloma formation and epididimtis and also because in cauterization the surgeon doesn't use of string so the evidences suggest that the electrocautery seems to be superior than ligation technique.

Background and Objective: Urinary tract infections (UTI) are regarded as one of the most common infectious diseases. A remarkable percent of urinary tract infections are asymptomatic. In some cases of urinary tract infections, significant bacteriuria is not present. One the etiologic agents of culture negative genitourinary tract infections, which can be transmitted through intercourse. is Chlamydia trachomatis. On the basis of high incidence of negative results of urine culture (up to 60%) in patients suffering from UTI referring to Bou-Ali infectious hospital and. taking into consideration the importance of genitourinary chlamydial infections, we decided to study prevalence of clamydia trachomatis in urine samples of patients with UTI referring to this hospital. Methods and materials: This research was a descriptive study on the 320 patients referring to Bou-Ali infectious hospital in Zahedan which were choosen by non-randomized sampling. One early morning urine sample was taken from these patients. After centrifugation, sediment of samples was used as antigen for Chlamy-Check-I ELISA kits. Results: Out of 320 urinary specimens, 95 specimens (29.69%) were positive and 225 specimen (70.31%) were negative for Chlamydia trachomatis. From 95 positive sample, 43person(45.20/0) were male and 52 person (54.73) were female. In both sexes the highest percent was related to 20-29 years old group. Conclusion: in accordance with above reported prevalence rate and bearing C In mind the consequences of inappropriate treatment of Chlamydial infections (PID, infertility, extra uterus pregnancy, epididiomitis) the importance of precise treatment of Chlamydial infection and . necessity of providing laboratory facilities for accurate and rapid diagnosis of Chlamydial infections in the area with high incidence of culture negative urine specimens is recommended.

Introduction: Ureaplasma urealyticum genital infection is a sexually transmitted that is involved in non-gonococcal urethritis, prostatitis, epididymitis, and infertility. The organism is seen in infertile couples more commonly than in healthy couples. U. urealyticum infection not only jeopardizes fertility but also poses infertility treatment and the resultant pregnancies at risk. Diagnosis of U. urealyticum infections by conventional bacterial methods is very difficult. The aim of this study was to compare culture with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for detection of U. urealyticum in semen of infertile and healthy men.Methods: From each of the two groups of infertile and healthy men who referred to infertility treatment center of Rouyan Institute in Tehran, 100 semen specimens were obtained. Regular spermogram was done. Bacterial DNA was extracted with Cadieux method and analyzed with PCR protocol, using species-specific primers for U. urealyticum (urease gene). Bacterial culture was done with broth-agar method.Results: U. urealyticum was detected by PCR in 12 semen specimens (12%) from infertile patients and in three specimens (3%) from healthy men. Result of culture was positive in five specimens (5%) from infertile patients and in one specimen (1%) from healthy men. The volume of seminal fluid, number of sperm cells, and percent of sperm cells with normal morphology were significantly decreased in infertile men. These three parameters were lower in infertile men with PCR positive than in infertile men men with PCR negative results.Conclusion: Since U. urealyticum has a potential causative role in several sexually transmitted diseases, reproductive failure, and neonatal morbidity and mortality, its detection with PCR is important and necessary in infertile couples. PCR is a sensitive method, and it is more rapid than culture for the detection of U. urealyticum in the clinical specimens (<24 hour hours versus 2-4 days).

Background & Aim: Chlamydia trachoma is is one of the most prevalent causative agents of sexually transmitted diseases. It causes a variety of genital tract complications such as urethritis, cervicitis, endometritis, epididymitis and lymphogranuloma venereum. The prevalence rate of chlamydia induced cervicitis varies in different societies. In a recent study, the prevalence of Chlamydia cervicitis in sexually active American women was in the range of 5-15% and in pregnant women was 1.2%. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of different detection techniques, such as ELISA, MIF, DIMA rapid test and direct microscopy after Gimenez staining.Patients and Methods: A total 137 women with cervicitis (diagnosed according to established gynecological protocols) who referred to Rasool Akram hospital and Nilo private clinical laboratory were admitted for this study. Two end cervical swabs were obtained. One of them was used for the rapid Dima test and the other swab was subjected to Gimenez staining. Blood samples were also obtained for serological tests.Results: ELISA tests indicated that 18 patients had positive IgG antibody levels in their blood and 4 of them had IgM antibodies against Chlamydia trachoma is. Ten patients had significant IgG levels and 3 of them had anti-Chlamydia IgM according to the MIF test results. Dima rapid detection test was able to show positive results for only 5 patients. We were not able to detect any Chlamydia inclusion bodies with direct microscopy after Gimenez staining.Conclusion: According to the results obtained with MIF technique which is generally considered to be the "Gold standard" serological detection method, the prevalence of Chlamydia induced cervicitis was shown to be 7.2%. There was no statistically significant difference in IgM titers detected by ELISA and MIF methods. But there were statistically different IgG titer rates between ELISA and MIF techniques. Therefore, it is suggested that any ELISA positive IgG titer samples to be rechecked and reconfirmed by MIF method. Due to the lack of Chlamydia inclusion body detection by direct microscopy, Gimenez staining is not recommended as a diagnostic tool.