یکی از مسایل مورد بحث نزد فقیهان امامیه، پاکی یا ناپاکی ذاتی انسان مشرک است. آنها می گویند: انسان مشرک، دارای ناپاکی ذاتی است و همانند سگ و خوک نجس العین می باشد، بلکه برخی از آنها در این مسئله ادعای اجماع و حتی ضرورت مذهب را نموده و دلایل متعددی از آیات و روایات برای اثبات ناپاکی ذاتی کافر که شامل انسان مشرک نیز می شود، اقامه کرده اند. در این پژوهش به روش توصیفی – تحلیلی و با گردآوری اطلاعات کتابخانه ای، ضمن بازخوانی کلمات فقها، دلایل یاد شده مورد بررسی قرار گرفته و اثبات گردیده که ادّله یاد شده تمام نمی باشند، دلالت آیات مورد استناد بر ناپاکی ذاتی انسان مشرک تمام نیست، روایات مورد استناد نیز برخی از آنها از نظر سند، مخدوش بوده و برخی از نظر دلالت بر مدّعا تمام نمی باشند، اجماع مورد ادّعا نیز اوّلاً: از نظر تحقق، مشکوک است، ثانیاً: در مسأله ای که این همه آیات و روایات، مطرح است ، این اجماع مدرکی یا محتمل المدرکیة است، که در هر صورت حجّت نیست، بنابراین ادّله ای که اثبات ناپاکی ذاتی انسان مشرک اقامه شده اند، ناتمام و مخدوش می باشند، حال اگر در این مسئله، ضرورت مذهب، وجود داشته باشد ، همان متبع خواهد بود و گرنه دلایل اقامه شده برای اثبات ناپاکی ذاتی انسان مشرک، تمام نمی باشد.

Townscape can be apprehended by human senses due to its tangible existence. For this purpose the most important one is visual sense. The gradual variation of townscapes in different intervals highly affects this comprehension. More ever, the quality and amount of impressibility from townscape is depended on motion type i.e., pedestrian or mounted (kind of transportation means).so. Two parameters of time and motion affect the understanding of a townscape. This article emphasizes on the delicate attention to the acquaintance of these effects on design and landscape architecture. The results of this article indicate that the applied principles in landscape architecture could be achieved via evaluation of townscape comprehension. Firstly some of the townscape principles and their apprehension are investigated. Then, the most significant related conceptions are analyzed by townscape specialists which provide the checklist including the prominent principles in townscape design.

Definition of art is a specific form and shape of social consciousness and its aim is to reflect the reality correctly and multilaterally for the purpose of reaching the aim and loftiness which has passed a very tortuous and difficult way. What has caused evolution of urban arts is creating the pictures which have full resemblance to the reality, because they have public addresses and are seen in the paths of the city and daily passing of life. General art are meaningful activities that can be recalled as art. This art has been shaped in the city space with public investment or by persons and is paid attention by the public and it is appeared with a clear aim and in the form of general activities of the city. “Urban art” as an activity combined with urban space is the “environmental art “ which shows different types of gen- eral art in close relation with the environment and people in connection with urban space. Each of the characteristics of these arts will be changed to some parts of visual culture of that environment during the time.Urban art is an independent artistic style which is performed in the urban life and by artists in the city space. This street art with expressing the culture of a nation is used in visual arts, architecture and urban planning fields. Urban art in India is specified with the place which is the same general space of the city. It seems that the urban art in general spaces of India is dependent on its native and religious fields and this coordination with the field have caused giving identification to it. Merging different religions with different behaviors and customs forms the greatest and main part of social life in India. The most outstanding symbol of religious group is the statues and type of their stowing and their spatial formation which give them a meaning further than quantitative and decorative beauty and is revelation of the beliefs of people. Each one of these arts represents a special custom in India and is accountable for the cultural and ceremonial requirements of its society.The main aim of this research is expressing religious and ceremonial fundamentals and meanings manifested in urban art of India which different ceremonial thoughts have manifested in them during their life time. It is tried to study the samples observed and selected in India and with considering the cultural and ceremonial instants therein, and to emphasize that the main aim and existing heritage in urban art of India has a root in ceremonial thoughts of the people of this country. Extensive association of people of India with the religions and cultures appeared therein meet spiritual and physical requirements of its inhabitants, and this matter has caused its survival and continuation during the time and characterizing it in form of a united collection of urban art. With the help of recognizing artistic structure of India in its urban aspect, one can find a correct category of performance and beauty aspects of this art in urban region of India.