Objectives Over the past few decades, Iran has faced rapid demographic changes, including a sharp decline in birth rates and increased life expectancy. This has led to an increase in the average age of the population and an increase in the percentage of the elderly people which is called “ the phenomena of aging” . The occurrence of this phenomenon in Iran is rapidly increasing, and therefore the Iranian community has limited opportunity to prepare for the aging challenges. One of the major challenges for the aging population is the rising health care costs due to the elderly's need for a variety of health services, which causes many households with elderly members to face significant economic problems. This study aims to evaluate the effect of the presence and age of elderly members on health care costs of the households in Iran. Methods & Materials This study is a secondary analysis using 2016 national household, expenditure and income survey data. Sample size was 19337 households in rural areas and 18809 households in urban areas (total= 38146) in Iran. Linear regression analysis in STATA V. 14 was used to test the effect of variables on health care costs of households with and without elderly members. Results There was a significant association between the presence of an elderly member in the household and increase in total health care expenditure and medical expenses, such that for one increase in the number of elderly members, total health care expenditure increased by 390, 000 Tomans, and medical expenses increased by 195, 000 Tomans. In terms of age, families with an elderly member aged 75-79 years had the highest care costs, while those with an elderly member aged 80 and more had the least cost increase. Moreover, household income, having a smoker member, having an income-earner member, living in urban areas, household head education, and health development rate of the province of residence had significant association with total health care expenditure and medical expenses of households. However, no association was found between having health insurance and medical expenses. Conclusion Since the presence of an elderly member significantly increase the household health costs, future policies should be planned to support the families with elderly members. The health care system of Iran should also be prepared to meet to the health and medical needs of future ageing population.

Relation between social mobility and fertility, specially investigating the assumptions that contain inverse relation between these two topics, are so important that numerous studies such as Princeton and Indianapolis studies have been conducted in recent decades. According to the comprehensive revision in the Iran population policies as "Macro Policies of Population", a comprehensive understanding of demographic changes and mobilities and their deteminants has become necessary; so, investigating hypothesis such as "persons who have higher economic and social stratification or status, have lower fertility" seems to be remarkably important. In this study by using available dada, the relation between socio-economic status of persons and total fertility rate (TFR) is investigated. For this purpose, 20 variables on economic and social dimensions of social mobility recognized from mentioned data and differences of fertility rate for each of these variables are measured. The results of this study showed that social capillarity due to the economic and social dimensions has an "inverse relation" with fertility rate and thus, reliable evidences obtained to confirm the above assumption for Iran.

The main object of any rational human being is a better standard of living, peace and welfare. Looking at the past, the history of nations around the world shows that most of them have been successful in achieving this goal and the standard of living and welfare of people in most countries has considerably raised.This article seeks to survey the poverty of Iranian households during the last two decades (1983-2003). For this purpose, the authors have gathered and calculated the deflated states of households' expenditure and income published by Iran Statistical Center Yearbooks.The results show that the real consumption of households has decreased during some twenty past years and both rural and urban families have become poorer. Although the Engel's theory indicates that the share of consumed amount of food stuff in the households' budget decreases when the income is increasing, the paper proves that the declining share of expenditure for food of Iranian households is not the evidence of better economic situation.

In this paper, with the purpose of better understanding of the relationship between education and the employment of women with their divorce, the socio-economic factors which affect on divorce are investigated in the provinces of Iran by using the micro data of Household Expenditure and Income Survey in 2014 which covers 18885 households and the application of pseudo-panel data method. At first step, a subset of the data was collected include male and female who were divorced or married (16503 breadwinner) and categorized them on the base of the provinces. Data was analyzed based on the initial classification. Then On the base of Deaton(1985), and Goaed and Ghazouani (2001) the logit model of this research with pseudo-panel data and including explanatory variables,household size, the occupation of the head and his/her literacy and household income, age and age square of head, with emphasis of female education and occupation,was regressed by using the Maximum Likelihood method. On the base of results, household size, the occupation of the head and his/her literacy and household income reduces the probability of divorce, while the effect of women's higher education on the probability of divorce is positive. Also, the relationship between age and divorce is U inverted. It means in the early years of their household common life, and in the latter years, the probability of divorce is less than the average age of the head of household.

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) also known as Chronic diseases are regarded as one of the main causes of mortality and exorbitant costs of household in Iran and the world. Few research studies have been conducted on the economic effects of these diseases on individuals and households in Iran. The main objective of this paper is to show the effects of these diseases on health expenditure, non-health consumption, labor income, as well as household transferred income in rural and urban households, which provide some coverage for high expenditures of chronic diseases. As the household income and expenditure data used in this study are censored and discontinuous the two-part Heckman and Tobit model (Heckit) was used for estimation. The obtained results show that the chronic diseases in urban households have a significant relationship with non-health consumption, and they directly affect the household welfare level and do not have any significant effect on other sectors. The results of rural data show that the expenditures of chronic diseases affects the level of health expenditure, non-health consumption, and labor income. Additionally, chronic diseases have a significant effect on transferred income neither in urban households nor in rural ones. The obtained results show that rural households are more affected by the chronic diseases expenditures than urban households and are more vulnerable to it. On the other hand, household income is a determinant variable in health expenditure both in urban and rural households. The results of this study have wide applicability for policymakers in financing programs for treating these diseases, as well as preventing them.

Underground Economy is a series of value added activities which is not defined in the frame of formal economic. Private activities, private organizations and those kinds of market activities which, in some way, are not discovered by officials, totally, are making black or informal economic.Underground economy includes four sections: family, informal, irregular and illegal. The nature of unclearness of black economic, make it hard to estimate and study the economy, because of these, most of current measuring methods are indirect measuring of thise activities which are accompanied by limited assumptions.Through this research, in spite of considering different methods of measuring black economy, we estimate the amount of underground economy, using "currency ratio" and "Gap between expenditure and income of family".The gap between expenditure and income of family method is based on discrepancies between expenditure and income of families which is not reported in the national accounts. In "currency ratio" method we measuring the size of underground economy based on exchange of currency.

Background and Objectives: It is necessary to investigate nutritional statuses of the people and how household consume foods in the country provide evidence and use them for education, promotion of food literacy and nutritional policies. The objective of this study was to assess and compare energy and nutrient intakes from the usual household food baskets based on climatic regions classification, 2015–, 2018. Materials and Methods: In this repeated cross-sectional study, data of the household`s income and expenditure survey (HIES) of 128, 716 Iranian households, 2015–, 2018, were used. Based on the division of Iran's provinces into 11 climatic regions in a study on the micronutrient status of Iran (National Integrated Micronutrient Survey 2012, NIMS-2), national data of the household income expenditure survey in 2015–, 2018 were separated. To estimate quantities of intake from the household usual baskets, the household intake quantity for each food item was converted to the individual level using adult male equivalent (AME) index. Using Nutritionist 4 software and coding in R program, quantities of energy intakes and micronutrients of iron, calcium, riboflavin and vitamin A were calculated. One-way analysis of variance and posthoc tests were used to compare energy intakes and nutrients received from the usual household food baskets, 2015–, 2018. Result: In the four studied years, the highest average intake of energy (3127. 575 kcal) and iron (27. 453 mg) belonged to the Climatic Region 10 (Ilam, Kurdistan, Kermanshah, Lorestan and Hamedan), the highest average calcium (1070. 82 mg) and riboflavin (2. 275 mg) belonged to the Climatic Region 2 (West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan and Ardabil) and the highest average of vitamin A intake (624. 347 μ, g) belonged to the Climatic Region 9 (Zanjan, Qazvin, Qom and Markazi). The lowest average intake of all items except vitamin A in the four years of the study was linked to the Climatic Region 11 (Fars, Kerman, Kohkilouyeh and Boyer Ahmad) and the lowest average intake of vitamin A belonged to the Climatic Region 5 (Sistan Baluchistan and South Khorasan). Except for energy consumption, iron, calcium and riboflavin in the Climatic Region 7 (Bushehr, Hormozgan and Khuzestan) and calcium and riboflavin in the Climatic Region 8 (Tehran and Alborz), energy consumption and assessed micronutrients decreased in all climatic regions in 2018, compared to 2015. Regarding consumption of micronutrients, the average consumption of iron in all climatic regions in the four years of the study was higher than the recommended RDA. For calcium, intake was more than the RDA recommendation only in the Climatic Region 2. The average consumption of riboflavin was higher than the RDA recommendation in all the climatic regions. Regarding vitamin A, the average consumption in the four years of the study was lower than the RDA recommendation in all the climatic regions. Conclusion: Overall, the findings showed that energy and micronutrient intakes from the usual household food baskets generally decreased over the years of the study. This situation was more significant in the Climatic Region 11 with significant droughts and in the Climatic Region 5 as a dry climatic region with low socioeconomic statuses. In addition, the average intakes of calcium and vitamin A in all climatic regions (except Climatic Region 2 regarding calcium) were lower than the recommended RDA. These findings emphasize the necessity of further planning for the implementation of policies focusing on food supports in drought-affected and deprived climatic regions.

Poverty, as a socio-economic problem, prevents societies to attain sustainable development and growth. Therefore, poverty reduction is one of the objectives of developing countries. Knowing the status of poverty and its determinants is essential for the successful implementation of poverty reduction policies. Therefore, in this study, after the calculation of the relative poverty line in the urban and rural areas of each province by using the micro data on the income-expenditure of 38303 households gathered by the statistical center of Iran in 2013, the poor families were identified. On the basis of the initial processing of the data, it is recommended that poverty alleviation programmers pay attention to spatial planning. In the next step, to examine the effective factors in the probability of going out of poverty, the model was estimated with the maximum likelihood method. The results of the regression logit model based on pseudo-panel data with random effects showed that female-headed households are supposed to be in poverty more than males. Also, variables such as the education level of the head, statement of his or her income, and the number of the educated and the number of employees in the household have a significant effect on the probability of going out of poverty. Being in poverty is strongly associated with household size and living in urban areas. The effect of the head’ s age on poverty is U shaped. It means, when the head is young, the probability of being poor is low. On the other hand, when the head is in pension years or old ages, the probability of being poor is high. Therefore, in poverty eradication programs, the government should pay attention to the elderly, especially females who head households with no income.