Turbochargers are used to increase engine manifold air pressure. Control of intake manifold pressure is crucial issue which is done through the speed control of turbocharger, but since it is difficult to directly control the speed of the turbocharger, it is done indirectly through a gate that called the waste gate, which is located in the engine outlet and turbocharger’ s turbine inlet. One of the most common control methods for control of turbocharger is the gain scheduling control. This method design in parameter look-up table, supervisor and system subsection to control turbocharger performance. The performance of control loop can be evaluated with accuracy of considered model and designed controller. In this paper, the engine model with the turbocharger has been created in the GT-POWER software, then, by defining the input and output parameters in the GT-POWER model, the model is coupled with MATLAB software to controller design. In the next step, two methods have been developed to design the controllers for the gain scheduling control method. Eventually, effectiveness of turbocharger control using gain scheduling control is shown.

Statement of problem: "POWER Bleaching" which is a new an in-office whitening technique with a combination of a whitening agent (peroxide) and an auxiliary (plasma-Arch light), has been claimed to be an effective and fast method in tooth bleaching. What is more important in using this method is the maintenance of the pulp health after tooth whitening.Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the human pulpal response after bleaching with H2O2 38% and plasma-Arc light.Materials and method: Eighty seven sound first premolars from 27 patients were selected and divided into 3 groups of 29, based on the time intervals of histologic evaluation. In each group 9 teeth were considered as a control. Vitality tests were done before bleaching (base line) and in four intervals of 2, 7, 30 and 60 days, but histologic evaluation was performed in three intervals 2, 7 and 60 days. Immediately after extraction, apical one third of the roots were sectioned off and each specimen was placed in 10% buffered formalin solution for pulpal fixation. EDTA was used for decalcification and sections were prepared from each specimen and stained with H&E and subsequently assessed microscopically for the following criteria: Irregularities in the odontoblastic layer, the presence of inflammatory cell, vasodilatation and pulpal fibrosis. Data was analyzed using Friedman test and Wilcoxon test (a= 0.05). Results: There were significant differences between the 2 and 60 days groups and between 7 and 60 days groups with respect to inflammatory responses and vasodilatation (p<0.05).Comparison of the control and experimental groups of the 2 and 7 days revealed statistically significant differences in inflammation and vasodilatation (p<0.05). No patient had experienced sensitivity, after different bleaching periods.Conclusion: Bleaching of teeth with H2O2 38% and plasma-Arc light might cause slight to moderate pulp reactions after 2 and 7 days confined to the coronal pulp. However, the observed histological changes did not affect the overall health of the pulp tissue permanently.

Introduction: Today, maximizing the efficiency of fuels and increasing the output POWER of diesel engines is considered inevitable due to the increasing need for energy resources, the reduction of fossil fuel resources, the need to maintain the environment, reduce air pollution, and limit the electricity supply and fuel supply. In the large cities of Iran, the problem of vehicle pollution is one of the main problems. The lack of proper fuel, soot filters, and absence of requirement for a technical inspection of diesel vehicles have led to an increase in mortality and the growth of lung cancer due to pollution. All of studies indicate that fossil fuels, despite the low cost of production, will increase the cost of both living and environment. A solution for this crisis is to reduce the sources of pollutant-producing sources from the source of these pollutants. In the internal combustion engines, the compression ratio and alternative fuels are two important factors affecting engine performance and exhaust emission. Materials and Methods: In this research, a one-dimensional computational fluid dynamics solution with GT-POWER software was used to simulate a six-cylinder diesel engine to study the performance and exhaust emissions with different compression ratios and alternative fuels. The compression ratio was chosen to be 15: 1 to 19: 1 with an interval at unity. Alternative fuels such as (as base diesel), methanol, ethanol, diesel and ethanol, biodiesel and decane were selected. To modeling engine, first, all parts of the engine were introduced as a real six-cylinder engine, and then the required data were entered according to the actual engine conditions at the atmospheric pressure of one atmosphere. Before this investigation was carried out, a validation model for evaluation was done by experimental and simulation data. The validation results showed that software model error is acceptable and the model has a good capability of fitting and predicting. Results and Discussion: The engine performance was evaluated in terms of engine POWER, engine torque, and specific fuel consumption at different engine compression ratio and fuel. The results showed that with increasing the compression ratio, brake POWER and brake torque increased. Among the fuels used in this engine, the maximum brake POWER and brake torque in the compression ratio of 19 with the decane fuel were 3. 86% higher than that the base fuel and the lowest value was awarded in the compression ratio of 15, with methanol fuel and it was equal with 56. 04%. The results indicated that by increasing compression ratio, the brake specific fuel consumption was reduced due to more POWER than the fuel consumed in the engine. A fuel with lower heating value should be injected more mass to the engine. This will increase the brake specific fuel consumption. In this research, the decane fuel with a compression ratio of 19 with a reduction of 3. 72% had the lowest brake specific fuel consumption among other fuels. The CO emission from the engine largely depended on the fuel's properties, the availability of oxygen, the fuel mix with air, temperature, and turbulence inside the combustion chamber. The results highlighted that by increasing compression ratio, CO emission increased and CO emission in biodiesel fuel, with a compression ratio of 15, was decreased by 82. 37% compared to the base. CO2 emissions are not too harmful to humans, but they increase the potential for ozone depletion and global warming. With increasing compression ratio, CO2 and HC emissions increased for all fuels, CO2 emissions have risen up the base. The fuel heating mechanism, combustion temperature, oxygen content, and gas fuel availability are the most important factors in the formation of NOx. With increasing the compression ratio, the amount of NOX increases, which is due to the high temperature in the cylinder at a higher compression ratio. The viscosity and density of fuels have an effect on NOX emission, and because of the larger droplets of the fuel, it released NOX. The highest NOx emissions from biodiesel fuel are due to the high oxygen content of this fuel and the lowest NOx emissions from decane fuel, due to the low density of the fuel compared to other fuels. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the decane fuel with a compression ratio of 19 in total had the best functional and pollutant characteristics among the six fuel used in this study. Therefore, this fuel can be the best alternative for diesel fuel.

Introduction Monitoring and prediction of hydrologic droughts and determining the onset and duration of drought spells have an important role in water resources management and planning to reduce the adverse effects of drought. In the present study the characteristics of hydrological drought in daily discharge time series from 20 hydrometric stations in Golestan Province have been analyzed. Matherials & Methods: In this study, the onset and end of drought periods, mean discharge, effective discharge and threshold level were calculated and then sequence number of 1 to 30-month durations were determined. According to the results of POWER Laws Analysis, the intensity and duration patterns of hydrological drought periods were distinguished. The results specified an inverse relationship between the intensity and duration of wet and dry spells. The highest severity of dry spell is related to Nodeh station (Line slope=-0. 26) and the highest intensity of wet spell was observed in Ramian station (Line slope =-0. 28) which indicated the stability of dry and wet river flow regimes in Nodeh and Ramian stations. Also, the longest durations of dry and wet periods were determined for the Aghghala (32. 89) and Basirabad (16. 29) stations, respectively, which represents the average maximum probable durations. Discussion of Results & Conclusions: The proximity, closeness to a straight line or parallel lines without intersection proved the homogeneity regime of wet-dry spells in the Gorganroud watershed. Analysis of wet-dry spells using the POWER Laws technique provides a basis to determine the flow regime, severity and duration of hydrological drought.

Background: The purpose of our study was to assess the potential of color Doppler (CD) and POWER Doppler Imaging (PDI) to differentiate benign from malignant solid breast masses. Materials and Methods: Seventy-one biopsy proven solid breast masses were evaluated with CD and PDI using 7.5MHz Transducer. Vascularity, Resistive Index (RI) and patterns of vascular distribution of masses were assigned before biopsy. Results: There were 22 cancers and 49 benign lesions. All malignant masses had vascularity in some degrees, except 3 cancers which were less than 10 mm in diameter. Most of cancers were hypervascular (15 cancers) and had penetrating or diffuse vessels (14 cancers). Most of benign lesions and fibro adenomas were avascular (35 masses). 12 cancers, 2 fibro adenomas and all vascular benign lesions had RI>0.6. 7 cancers and 6 fibro adenomas had RI<0.6. By using hypervascularity to indicate malignancy sensitivity for CD and PDI was 68 percent and specificity was 90 percent and by using penetrating and diffuse vessels sensitivity was 64 percent and specificity was 82 percent. By using RI<0.6 sensitivity was 32 percent and specificity was 88 percent and by using these three criteria together sensitivity was 73 percent and specificity was 82 percent (p<0.00001). Conclusion: The vascularity and pattern of distribution and morphology of blood vessels in solid breast masses seen at PDI and CD is a potentially important feature to predict the likelihood of malignancy. But RI appears to be of limited value.

In today's world, POWER is more persistent and invisible than traditional POWER systems. In the past it was thought that POWER works only in the political sphere, and it has been negative and oppressive. Foucault believes that this conception of POWER conceals its actual performance because systems of POWER are not only negative and oppressive. In this study, the social bases of brand POWER and market structure components corresponding to the primary POWER base are explained. POWER relations are strategic games between individuals, despite the influence of POWER on individuals, they can subdue domineering. According to Foucault, the aim of POWER is influencing on human choices and shaping his actions. So consumers resist against the POWER of producers. And, according to Foucault, domineering POWERs are subdued and involved as part of the network of POWER as the dominated. POWER on the market, as a network of manufacturers, buyers, distributors and consumers of final goods or process merchandise, the capillary network influence anywhere, and people always live in a dual situation.

AC railway traction loads are usually huge single phase loads. As a result, a significant amount of Negative Sequence Current (NSC) is injected into utility grid. Moreover, harmonics and consumption of reactive POWER are further POWER quality problems that the supply network is encountering. In this paper, a compensation strategy with the aid of Railway POWER Conditioner (RPC) is proposed to overcome the above-mentioned problems. Firstly, different kinds of traction transformers are evaluated and Y/Δ traction transformer is chosen. Then, a compensation strategy is initiated that is valid for all kinds of traction transformers and a control system is proposed based on that. Finally, the correctness of the analysis and proposed strategy is verified by the simulation results using Matlab/Simulink software.

POWER, is the ability of an actor to use the resources and facilities properly in order to influence the international events to his own benefit. Countries have to develop policies and plans for improving ability and national POWER to protect security and the welfare of their citizens and counter foreign threats. The new circumstances of the international system have made new factors play an important role in the official international structures, and to protect their national interests, countries have to employ new means and methods, the most important of which is employing soft POWER. Because of its critical strategic and geopolitical situation, the Islamic Republic of Iran has to improve its soft POWER along with its hard POWER (the military and economic POWER). Iran can use its soft POWER and improve its national POWER, only when it develops its values, strategies and approaches in a way that it can take full advantage of the two national and international aspects of generating POWER. The present study aims to find out the factors and components of soft POWER and analyze the status of these factors on Iran’s soft POWER, using a descriptive-analytical approach. The results of the study show that soft POWER factor have a positive effect of Iran’s national POWER; however, Iran has not been able to take full advantage of the international factors influencing soft POWER.