Maupassant, a great writer of the nineteenth century, has a pessimistic view about life and human’s nature. There is no doubt that this pessimism originates from the writer’s childhood and adolescence. His parents’ marriage problems, war and politics had negative effects on Maupassant mind. These negative effects later lead to pessimism. His stories and novels indicate that claim, but his novel Bel-Ami shows and proves that point better than others.“Georges Duroy”, the main character of this novel, similar to Maupassant, the writer, is never satisfied with whatever he achieves in the society. He has a critical view on the human relationship. He criticizes the society harshly and similar to Schopenhauer … believes that the life of each of us is a real tragedy. Finally he questions the whole life because he believes that whatever we do, makes us closer to death and despite all we have: love, spouse, friends, job, money, pride, … death is always waiting for us, the death which ends everything.

Tarikh-e Bayhaqi and Tarikh-e Bal'ami are considered two masterpieces of Persian history. However despite many studies done on the two books, no comprehensive study is done from the perspectives of comparative, historical and literary criticism on aspects such as narrating history style and language. Nonetheless, these two books are proper examples for comparative studies as they principles of narrative and storytelling are traceable in them. The present study is to study the characteristics of narrative and fictional aspects of the two texts including perspective, character, tone and atmosphere in order to show some of the similarities and differences between the two masterpieces. Some of the results of this study indicate that the diversity of perspective in Tarikh-e Bayhaqi is more than Tarikh-e Bal'ami. In Beihaghi's text the focus is more on characters than on action while Bal'ami's text is more action-oriented. Beihaghi is more successful in stage-setting than Bal'ami, as well as in elements of tone and atmosphere. These factors make the former text more vivid and so more attractive to the reader.

Ammi Sheravi in one of the virtuous and benevolent poets of the fifteenth century, and only one of his works, called Mesbah al-arvah, has survived. However, from the high number of available copies and the wide geographical range of libraries that contain a copy, one can conclude that the book was known and accepted among those interested in books and knowledge. In the said book one finds little information about the author, and he himself has not left much evidence of historical events or places that might aid in knowing him. The only reference is to an event in 1443 in Baghdad, by the tomb of Imam Mussa Kazem, that reveals a time and place for the author. In view of the events and difficulties besetting the new Horufieh sect, at the turn of the fifteenth century, during the Timurid period, and also the gentle treatment in two sections out of the twenty-five-part sections 1 of Mesbah al-arvah of Ammi Sheravi-containing much Horufieh thought-it is clear why such a wise and knowledgeable writer has deliberately hidden information about his own person. Introducing this unknown person and work can also reveal some of the missing links in understanding the background to the emergence of Shiite thought in fifteenth-century Iran.

Tarikhi Balami", written by abu Ali Mohammad Ibn Abdollah Balami, Minister of Samanis in the fourth century, is one of the oldest books in Islamic period that contains the first step of creation till Arab raid and the prophet's life and the kings.Amir Mansur ibn Noah Samani ordered Translation of the book “Tarikhal-Omam va al-Muluk” of Tabari to his minister, Balami. But on several occasions he summarized The original book in the translation and used the other sources and removed something from his translation...

The title of this research is Quran in Tarikh-e Beihaqi, this book is one of the most important history books with a Persian prose which has remained from the Pre-Mongolian dynasty and is one of the most precious works in Persian. The author of this book is Abu Shams Ali Ben Zeid Beihaqi and the main topic of the book is the events of the kingdom era of Amir Masoud son of Sultan Mahmoud Ghaznavi. In this research, researcher intends to have a lexical study on some of verses and describe why he supported himself with them.

Tarikhi Balami", written by abu Ali Mohammad Ibn Abdollah Balami, Minister of Samanis in the fourth century, is one of the oldest books in Islamic period that contains the first step of creation till Arab raid and the prophet's life and the kings.Amir Mansur ibn Noah Samani ordered Translation of the book “Tarikhal-Omam va al-Muluk” of Tabari to his minister, Balami. But on several occasions he summarized The original book in the translation and used the other sources and removed something from his translation...

Background and purpose: Coronary diseases are the main cause of mortality in the world. Though many risk factors are described up to now, but there are unknow causing factors to be found out.This research was designed in order to determine the plasma level HDL relationship with acute myocardial infaction in the patients admitted in CCU of Imam khomeini hospital in Sari, in 1998-1999. Materials and Methods: This study was an analytic method performed on 100 referring patients. The test group comprised of 50 patients, whose AMI was confirmed by who criteria, while admitting in CCU. 5 ml Blood was drawn from all the confirmed cases 8 hours of admission. Blood was centrifuged and plasma was separated by an expert technician.Total cholestrol, trichdyceride and glucose were, easured, HDL-cholestrol was assayed enzymatically with CHOD-PAP. Fifty patients in Control group were the referrals who seemed to be normal and were match for the age, sex, cigarette smoking, diabelies, family background hypertension, plasma cholestrol and tryglyceride. Finally the data were analyzed by descriptive and student T test.Results : In the group there were 37 males and 13 females, the mean for the age, blood pressure, glucose, level, total cholestrol, triglyceride, HDL-cholostrol, in the test and control groups were as follows, 60±4 and 59±6 years old, 101±11 and 100±8 mmHg, 128±12 and 117±18 ml/dl, 206±59 and 202±49 ml/dl, 171±94 and 214±122 ml/dl, 37±10 and 41±7 ml/dl respectively. The latest showed statistically significant difference (P<0.05).Conclusion: Considering the low level of HDL-cholestrol, which is a probable eisk factor independent of the other risk factors known for the ischemic heart diseases. The routine measarement of HDL level is recommended. In case of a low plasma level, an effective therapeutic methods such as taking routine exercise, giving up cigarette smoking, weight loss and implementation of pharmacological agents in severe reduction of the level in blood plasma is recommended.

Abolfazl Beyhaqi, no doubt, was a Sunni Muslim, but of what branch of it is open to question. In his Tarikh, there is such a strong belief in destiny that he appears as a fatalist. On the other hand, regarding the responsibility he believes his historical characters had, he does not seemingly deny free will. Moreover, wisdom and rationalism are widely praised there, while he considers the Mo’tazileh rationalists as foes of Islam as Zendiqs (atheists) and Dahris (materialists). So, what religion could it be called? It cannot be marked as Ash'ari because the Ash’aris do not agree with rationalism. They do not even consider distinguishing between the good and bad as a matter of rationalistic practice. They had commitment just to what the Shar’ (Divine Law) knows as good or bad. Besides, they were not in a politically good position until the Seljuk took power in about the latter half of the fifth century AH, while in the time when in Basrah and Baqdad, Ash’ari began to reform religious beliefs, in Samarqand district, Abu - Mansour Matoridi (died in 333 AH) emerged with the ideology close to that of Ash’ari’s. Due to the importance he gave to rationalism, of course not so much as Ash’ari did, he attracted Ash’ari’s students who defended his views as revival of perfect Sunni Religion. Abolfazl Beyhaqi praises Abu Hanifah in his Tarikh; since most Hanafis were Matoridis, he can be considered as “Matoridi”. The present article, comparing and contrasting some writings of Beihaqi with Ash’ari and Matoridi beliefs, brings up and studies the probablity of his being Matoridi.

Every nation and race throughout history and in its own land has certain resources which provide the means for its material, welfare and spiritual advancements. One of these spiritual resources which makes culture and civilization of that nation is the written texts encompassing various subjects particularly history which in its own right portrays a large part of the peoples’ lives in all the following aspects such as welfare, architecture, morality, politics, customs, individual and social character, ideas and temperaments, traditions, proverbs, and many others. Unfortunately in some countries such as Iran, many of such writings have been neglected and thus forgotten. In this article however the aim is to introduce, rewrite, and correct Tarikh al-vozara, one of the ancient historical manuscripts of our country. In addition the proverb section of this grand work is also studied.

Social capital is a systematic set of organized links between the members of a group or a society which is based on specific norms and rules and results into obtaining individual and collective purposes. The category of social capital is different with from current concept of capital in sociology, law and economy. Features like cooperation, knowledge, participating in public affairs, tolerating others and group works are a kind of investment that has no individual owner and has its roots in the past. The writer of this article has studied Tarikh-e-Beihaghi written by Khaje Abolfazl Mohammad-ibn-e- Dabir known as Beihaghi; and has analyzed the different forms of social capital. He has also tried to reconstruct the signs of decline and rise of that period.