Maintenance of independency and honor of the Muslim state in international relationships, obligations and relations is one of the requirements of Nafy-e-Sabil Rule (Non-Dependency Rule); a jurisprudential rule which in accordance with logical and traditional proofs is based on the principle of negation of ascendency of non-Muslims over Muslims. It predicates the legal acceptance of relation with other states and conclusion of any contract or treaty to non-domination of aliens over Muslim countries. Giving the necessity of the economic development of the country and its implication to the principle of negation of submissiveness, the issue of accession of Iran to the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism (CFT) as an example of international treaties, is dealt with in this research. Although according to most of the Islamic jurists this principle is applied as a primary rule and negates any sort of submissiveness even in international contracts, this study has reached to a conclusion based on which in case of conflict of the rule with more important interests, the principle is allocable; specifically in international relations that is the sphere of reason and rationality where the expedient reason should take into account the interests and goods of the country and its possible defects and advance on its basis. The authority to determine the interest or defect is the organization or the institution responsible for signing the contract.

The Stoic thought has been very influential on Western philosophy. The influence has been very decisive on the modern era, i. e. 16th to 18th centuries. In the following essay I analyzed and compared the ethical system of the Stoics and that of Spinoza seeking to explain the relationship between them. The pattern of Stoic-Spinozan ethical thought is importantly different from the pattern of Aristotelian ethical thought (which had a great impact on the Ethics of the Islamic era). There is a close bond between Aristotelians ethics and theoretical principles but such principles are not ultimately the foundations of morality. But ethics from the Stoics viewpoint is vehemently grounded on logic and physics. Ethics, in their view, was the most important part of philosophy, and other philosophical discussions are bases or mere preliminaries of Ethics. In the same vein, Spinoza, as it is obvious from the title and structure of his book, Ethics, . has discussed Metaphysics as the basis of Ethics. Delving into Stoic-Spinozan Ethics brings us to the conclusion that moral virtue and perfection necessitates deep knowledge of Man and Universe. Virtuous man is wise and therefore has stronger mental capabilities comparing to other individuals. On one hand, Virtuous man is positively active and some submissive feelings such as sorrow, fear, depression, disillusionment, on the other hand, are signs of weakness and inability. Virtuous man is not beset by these feelings. Therefore virtue is power. This inner power affects outer power.

The study of the principles and requirements of the leader's “heroic Softened” is the aim of this study which is one of the key concepts and policies expressed Leader in last few years. Initially, the intellectual foundation of the Leader approach to foreign policy is three strategies: leadership, wisdom and interest in foreign policy. According to them, strategy negation relation domineering and submissiveness, the preservation and protection of the identity of the Islamic Republic, maintain the revolutionary Islamic orientation are discussed. Other studied contents are: the conceptual framework as a heroic leader in the negotiation and clarification exercises and the “heroic Softened” of a new field in the international system, field tactics, not strategy “heroic Softened”, field exercises and balance of heroic ideals and practice of negotiation and compromise and flexibility not give up, hoping to stretch heroic vision of the future, heroic flexibility and understanding of the international system in transition, heroic exercise and cognitive abilities and the challenges the country.

The multiple nature of perfectionism including intrapersonal, interpersonal, and social aspects requires one's high expectations of him or herself and others as well as others high expectations of oneself. In addition to psychological pathologies, interpersonal problems might be explained by these expectations. The relationship between dimensions of perfectionism and interpersonal problems was investigated in this research. Fifty students (36 girls, 14 boys) were participated in this study from Tehran University. They were asked to fill out the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS) and the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (llP). The results showed that dimensions of perfectionism significantly related to interpersonal problems: other-oriented perfectionism was associated with interpersonal problems of submissiveness, intimacy, and controlling; socially prescribed perfectionism was associated with interpersonal problems of sociability and responsibility; and self-oriented perfectionism was associated with interpersonal problems of responsibility. No significant difference was found between boys and girls in terms of perfectionism and interpersonal problems.  

Background: Obesity is an identity that is the result of the overweight person’s experience and perception of this problem.Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate various aspects of the lived experience and changes in the self for 29 sleeve surgery patients from two hospitals in southern Iran.Patients and Methods: After in-depth, open-ended interviews with 29 sleeve candidate patients (24 females and 5 males), their statements were analyzed through a thematic method.Results: Findings revealed that obesity is a continually negative experience with four characteristics for participants: losses, limitations, psychological pressures, and social pressures. These experiences can lead to profound changes in the self and cause the patient to develop self-hatred, submissiveness, and passivity.Conclusions: Obesity involves a diversity of negative experiences; more consideration should be given to overweight people, especially overweight women. Accordingly, social policymakers should help by desensitizing this problem in society through media, universities, and schools. Also, fostering a positive attitude in these individuals is important and would require paying attention to their individual, psychological, and social needs through teamwork.

Experiencing childhood traumatic events and deviant personality traits increase the risk of substance use. In order to test this hypothesis, the current study was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of experiencing childhood traumatic events and personality deviance and risk of substance use among university students. The method of this research was correlation.One hundred and fifty students, selected by multistage random sampling from population of students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University, participated in this study. Questionnaires of substance use risk (Conrod, 2000), and experience of childhood traumatic events and personality deviance scale (Bedford and Fouldz, 1978) were used to gather data. Gathered data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and multiple regression tests. The result of regression analysis showed that 14% of variance of substance use risk are explained by childhood traumatic experiences death of closed person and sexual harassments (p<0.02) and 18% of variance of its explained by deviance traits of lack of self-confidence and submissiveness (p<0.001). These results documented that childhood traumatic events and personality deviant traits are considered as two important risk factors for substance use.

Oal” [1] is a short story that is written by “ Mohammad bahmanbeigi” the greatest novelist of “ Qashqai” tribe. This short story represents a portion of tribal culture that is concerning the kind of perspective to women. In this written work be investigate and research the state of perception to women and feminist manifestations and specific aspects of feminism in the above-mentioned work (Oal) and consequently exhibits the profound understanding of this novelist to basic values of mothers in the trible league and women’ s social innocence and submissiveness that been caused by various causes and peculiar conditions in tribal lifestyle. Bahmanbaigi uses the description procedar of tribal league and realistic description of life to make bluging of women’ s unendurable constraints and difficults. His intentional emphasis on the propositions of patriarchy and subaltern and its causes, including the ignorance and superstition, become inclined occasionally to a vitriolic satire that convinces readers to the harsh criticism of women’ s worring and bad status. According to this short story can be construe the most important story of Bahmanbeigi and consequently this is the height of feminism in the tribe stories.

How does hardiness effect interpersonal problems? The aim of this study was to examine the relation between hardiness and its three components including commitment, control, and challenge with interpersonal problems and six aspects of these problems including assertiveness, sociability, submissiveness, intimacy, responsibility, and controlling. Two hundred and seventy-three students (97 males, 176 females) from different faculties of the University of Tehran participated in this study. All participants were asked to complete Hardiness Scale (HS) and Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP). Analysis of the data involved both descriptive and inferential statistics including means, standard deviations, analysis of variance, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and regression analyses. The results revealed that hardiness and its components were negatively correlated with general interpersonal problems and problems of assertiveness, sociability, intimacy, and responsibility. Statistical analyses showed that changes of interpersonal problems were predicted by both control and challenge components of hardiness, while problems of assertiveness, sociability, intimacy, and responsibility were predicted by challenge only. Interpersonal problems are supposed to be influence by hardiness through positive evaluations, reinforcing the feeling of control and managing the situations; increasing self confidence; stress buffering; and positive interpersonal relationships (communicative variables).

Objective: The current study was conducted to investigate the pattern of structural relations between deviant personality traits, risk perception and treatment motivation in people with substance dependency.Method: A descriptive- correlational method was used in this study. All the drug addicts referring to Ardabil centers of addiction treatment in second half of 2014 constituted the statistical population of this study. The number of 140 individuals from this population was selected via cluster sampling and responded to stages of change readiness and treatment eagerness scale, personality deviance scale, and cognitive appraisal of risky events (CARE) questionnaire.Results: The results showed that risk perception and three components of treatment motivation are negatively correlated with hostile thoughts, denigration of others, low self-confidence, dependency, submissiveness; however, risk perception was positively associated with the three components of treatment motivation. The results of regression analyses also revealed that 53% variance of recognition, 44% variance of ambivalence, and 47% of variance of step taking were explained by deviant personality traits. Model fitness indexed confirmed the path of deviant personality traits to treatment motivation via the mediating role of risk perception. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that low risk perception is one of the explanatory pathways for the relationship between deviant personality traits and treatment motivation.

Objectives: The study was performed to determine the factor structure of the Persian translation of Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID 5).Methods: After translation and back translation of PID-5, it was performed on 217 subjects, including 114 healthy students and 103 patients with personality disorders. Exploratory factor analysis was done using principal component analysis and direct oblimin rotation to determine the main factors of the inventory and factor loading of the facets. We used SPSS 20 for data analyses.Results: Using direct oblimin rotation, 5 factors were extracted. The 1st factor Depression-Anxiety includes 8 facets: anhedonia, anxiousness, depressivity, distractibility, emotional lability, impulsiveness, separation insecurity and submissiveness. The 2nd factor Antagonism includes 6 facets: attention seeking, callousness, deceitfulness, grandiosity, hostility and manipulativeness. The 3rd factor Detachment includes 4 facets: intimacy avoidance, restricted affectivity, withdrawal and suspiciousness. The 4th factor includes 5 facets: preservation, rigid perfectionism, impulsiveness, irresponsibility and risk taking. Finally, eccentricity, perceptual dysregulation, unusual beliefs, and experiences were categorized under the 5th factor.Conclusions: The Persian version of PID-5 has acceptable construct validity and could be used as an assessment tool for personality disorders in Iranian samples, if other types of validity and reliability of the tool are proved to be satisfactory.