Sea Shells are natural-biological objects. They are embedded in geological layers in the form of fossils, but also, to find in archaeological deposits as a result of human activities. Archaeologists can use the provenance of Shells in the functional analysis of ancient sites in terms of social archeology and prehistoric trading activities. Aarcheological excavations in several sites of the Iranian Plateau have shown that from the 3rd third millennium B.C. onwards, finds of of sea Shells (e.g. Lambis, Dentalium, etc.) rapidely increased. Such Shells were for instance discovered from ritual cemetery contexts such as Shahdad, Tepe Hesar, Kale Nisar cemeteries or Bani Surma. These objects are mainly used as natural or polished Shells. In some cases, they served as a raw material for making all kinds of beads, buttons, and other ornamental objects.. The main question is to understand the relationship between the use of seaShells and archaeological context, and also, their role in Bronze Age ritual life. In this article, the descriptive, analytical method has been used in the biological recognition of all types of Shells. This method is also used based on similar studies on this issue in Mesopotamia's archeology of the Sumerian-Akkadian period. The distribution of recognizable species shows that these objects are concentrated in the settlements from south to southeast of Iran in the coastal strip of the Persian Gulf, and from the Oman Sea to the Zagros intermountain valleys, as well as in the northwest and northeast of Iran. The biological origin can be placed in the northern shores of the Oman Sea to the Gulf of Kutch on the northern coast of the Indian Ocean. It seems that with the growth and development of urbanization in Southwest Asia and especially the development of sea trade, oysters have been traded as valuable goods and other prestige goods. The importance of the Shell findings is more than the value of the Shells themselves because they were used as sacred goods in religious affairs. Analysis of the fields where the Shells were discovered is more related to cemeteries and temples as sacred spaces. Also, the significant presence of Lambis Shells for the production of specific ritual bowls, placed together with bronze axes in graves, can be seen as the reflection of a patriarchic tradition in the social-political organisiation of the third and second millennia B.C. Despite many excavations and the discovery of many samples of these types of Shells, no furthergoing investigation on these specific objects was undertaken so far. This desideratum reveals more valuable findings in the archeology of the Iranian plateau. Therefore, one of this article's final goals is to focus more on analyzing the context of the discovery of seaShells in future Excavation

North Maluku is an area with rich agricultural properties, including coconut, nutmeg, and canary. These waste materials have the potential to be used as alternative sources of energy. These Shell wastes can be used to produce bio-briquettes, as a potential source of carbon for the production of activated carbon, and as biofuel. There is a lack of research on the characterization of biobriquettes made from Shell waste. This study aims to characterize biobriquettes made from coconut Shells, nutmeg Shells, and canary Shell waste in North Maluku, Indonesia. The study was conducted to evaluate the potential of these waste materials as alternative sources of energy. Biobriquettes were formulated using cassava flour as a binder. The shapes of the briquettes were produced in cube and cylinder sizes. The biobriquettes were characterized based on their physical and chemical properties, including calorific value, ash content, moisture content, volatile matter, and fixed carbon. The results showed that FT-IR spectrophotometry analysis revealed higher hydroxyl groups in nutmeg Shells, while coconut and canary Shells had similar hydrocarbon levels. The carbonization and the powdering efficiency of coconut Shells, nutmeg Shells, and canary Shell biobriquettes vary. Nutmeg Shell biobriquettes yield the highest at 80%, while coconut Shell biobriquettes yield 78%. Neem Shell biobriquettes have a slightly lower yield of 90%. Cylindrical, cube-shaped, and cylindrical biobriquettes exhibit consistent weights and white ash production, indicating efficient combustion. In conclusion, the data from the proximate analysis and comparison with SNI standard No. 1/6235/2000 revealed that all biobriquettes fulfill or surpass the standard's requirements for moisture, ash, fixed carbon, and volatile matter.

Curls and curves of a Shell interweave its various strain modes and link them together. This interactional behavior has yet frustrated all attempts for the construction of Shell templates, which needs for an individual element test in traditional approaches. Such a test fails to work for Shell elements and must be reconstructed. In this paper, it is tried to study Shell interactional behavior and strain entanglements via a microscopic investigation. This new view to the Shell behavior reveals a simple method, in which Shell templates are constructed by partitioning the stiffness matrix of a sample Shell element into its components. Surly, sample elements have been qualified for their convergence in practice. The method is examined for axisymmetric cylindrical Shell element.

In this work, Magnetic Fe3O4@MCM-41/CuO nanocomposite was preparation of iron oxide magnetite nanoparticles and development of MCM-41 mesoporous Shells on the surface of iron oxide magnetite after Fe3O4@MCM-41 was organofunctionalized and finally formation CuO Shells with thickness ~ 25-30 nm in the surface of Fe3O4@MCM-41-NH2 core-Shell. The properties of prepared magnetic core-Shell were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption– desorption measurement and vibration sample magnetometer (VSM). The applicability of the synthesized core-Shell was tested as an antimicrobial agent against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It was showed that the Fe3O4@MCM-41@CuO act as an ideal antimicrobial agent in compared with that of the pure copper oxide and Fe3O4@CuO.

Aitamir Formation (Albian-Cenomanian) in the Kopet-Dagh Basin has diverse trace fossils and several Shell beds. These trace fossils contain diverse ethological patterns, including domichnia, fodinichnia, grazing, equilibrichnia, navichnia, chemichnia and fugichnia. The types of Shell beds distinguished based on differences in sedimentological, palaeoecological and taphonomic features. Shell beds and sandstone layers containing characteristic trace fossils represent a storm-influenced succession. Bioturbation increases markedly towards the top of the Shell beds as the energy of deposition declines to allow colonization by benthonic faunal assemblages. Types of Shell beds generally including (1) initial firmground substrates in foreshore to offshore environments as indicated by the Glossifungites ichnofacies, includingGastrochaenolites, Rhizocorallium and Thalassinoides, (2) basal storm-erosive lag deposits, (3) re-worked Shell beds of main storm deposits as indicated by the Glossifungites ichnofacies, including Ophiomorpha (4) fair-weather Shell beds in a near-shore position and above fair-weather wave base. (5) Composite or multiple-event concentration from time averaged and multiple event deposit. Seven trace fossil assemblages are identified in Aitamir Formation deposits. They are (1) the Zoophycos Ichnofacies (2) the distal Cruziana ichnofacies, (3) the archetypical Cruziana ichnofacies, (4) the mixed Skolithos-Cruziana ichnofacies, (5) the distal Skolithos ichnofacies, (6) the archetypal Skolithos Ichnofacies, and (7) impoverished expression of the Skolithos ichnofacies. This succession of Shell beds and trace fossil assemblages reflects a gradational decrease in hydraulic energy levels induced by storms.

The magnetic photocatalyst Fe3O4/SiO2/ZnO was synthesized by sol-gel method. For this purpose, in the first stage, Fe3O4 particles were prepared as the magnetic core of this composite and using the carbon recovery method. In the second stage, the coating of the SiO2 Shell was performed using the tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) precursor. In the end, the zinc oxide Shell was deposited using a zinc hydrate nitrate precursor on the Fe3O4/SiO2 composite. The as-prepared nanostructures were characterized by environmental scanning electron microscopy analysis (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX). FESEM and TEM results confirmed the coating of silica and zinc oxide on core particles and the Fe3O4/SiO2/ZnO magnetic photocatalyst was successfully prepared. The particle size mean of Fe3O4 was 300 nm approximately. The silica Shell thickness was 25 nm, and the thickness of the zinc oxide Shell was about a few nanometers approximately. The VSM results showed that coating of silica and zinc oxide Shells reduced the saturation magnetization (Ms) of Fe3O4 powder so that the saturation magnetization decreased from 80/8 emu/g to 48/8 emu/g, which It is suitable for Magnetic Recovery. Photocatalytic properties of Fe3O4/SiO2/ZnO composite were studied on methylene orange degradation under UV light irradiation. Destruction of orange methylene was achieved 70%.

The magnetic photocatalyst Fe3O4/SiO2/ZnO was synthesized by sol-gel method. For this purpose, in the first stage, Fe3O4 particles were prepared as the magnetic core of this composite and using the carbon recovery method. In the second stage, the coating of the SiO2 Shell was performed using the tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) precursor. In the end, the zinc oxide Shell was deposited using a zinc hydrate nitrate precursor on the Fe3O4/SiO2 composite. The as-prepared nanostructures were characterized by environmental scanning electron microscopy analysis (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX). FESEM and TEM results confirmed the coating of silica and zinc oxide on core particles and the Fe3O4/SiO2/ZnO magnetic photocatalyst was successfully prepared. The particle size mean of Fe3O4 was 300 nm approximately. The silica Shell thickness was 25 nm, and the thickness of the zinc oxide Shell was about a few nanometers approximately. The VSM results showed that coating of silica and zinc oxide Shells reduced the saturation magnetization (Ms) of Fe3O4 powder so that the saturation magnetization decreased from 80.8 emu/g to 48.8 emu/g, which It is suitable for Magnetic Recovery. Photocatalytic properties of Fe3O4/SiO2/ZnO composite were studied on methylene orange degradation under UV light irradiation. Destruction of orange methylene was achieved 70%.

In this research study, the coating of titania particles on the SrFe12O19/SiO2 composite was successfully accomplished by the sol-gel process. For this purpose, first, the strontium hexaferrite particles were prepared by co-precipitation route with Fe3+/Sr2+ molar ratios of 11 and 12 and subsequent calcination treatment. The formation of single phase strontium hexaferrite particles, as hard magnetic cores of the composite, was attained in the molar ratio of Fe3+/Sr2+=12 after calcination at 950 ° C. In the next step, the silica coating of hexaferrite particles was performed using the tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) precursor via the Stö ber method. In the end, the covering of titania particles on the SrFe12O19/SiO2 composite was carried out by utilizing titanium n-butoxide (TNBT) precursor. The as-prepared composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) analyses. The results confirmed the core/Shell/Shell structure of the synthesized SrFe12O19/SiO2/TiO2 composite. The analysis of the magnetic properties showed that saturation magnetization (Ms) of strontium hexaferrite powder was obtained as 58 emu/g. After the successive coating of SiO2 and TiO2 Shells, this amount has reached to 56 emu/g and 37 emu/g, respectively.