The relation between periodontitis and cardiovascular DISEASES has been of interest in recent years. Cardiovascular DISEASES in the developed countries account for 50% of the mortality rate and are the principal causes of death. Periodontitis, one of the most common DISEASES of human, is an infectious condition that can result in inflammatory destruction of the PERIODONTAL ligament and alveolar bone. Periodontitis and atherosclerosis have complex etiologies like genetics and gender, and they potentially share many RISK FACTORs, the most significant of which may be smoking. A number of studies have shown a significant relationship between periodontitis and cardiovascular DISEASES, but the need for further studies of new definitions of relationship between them especially in women seems to be demanded.

Background: Preeclampsia is a unique idiopathic syndrome in human pregnancy that can involve almost all organ systems. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to compare the PERIODONTAL DISEASES between the preeclamptic and normal pregnant women in order to find a possible RISK FACTOR relationship.Materials and Methods: This case-control study was performed on 200 pregnant women, with maternal age £ 35 years and gestational age˃ 20 weeks with singleton pregnancies. Of these, 100 women were preeclamptic with proteinuria and blood pressure ³ 140.90 and 100 women with normal blood pressure in the control group. Oral examination was performed on all women by a dentist for detection of PERIODONTAL DISEASES. Gingivitis and periodontitis were diagnosed based on the American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) /American Dental Association (ADA) classification, using the measurement method of Ramfjord. The preeclamptic women were then sub-classified into mild and moderate and comparisons were made between all groups.Results: The mean maternal age, BMI, neonatal birth weights and gestational age at delivery were not significantly different between the preeclamptic and normal groups. There was a significant association between preeclampsia and PERIODONTAL DISEASES (P˂ 0.01). The mean number of involved teeth (P˂ 0.001) and the mean pocket depth (P=0.04) were higher among the preeclamptic group. Gingivitis was more frequent among the cases with mild (56.8%) compared to (31.6%) in the severe preeclamptic group (P=0.04). Periodontitis was more prevalent among the cases with severe preeclampsia which was not statistically significant. The mean neonatal birth weight was significantly lower in the group with severe preeclampsia (P<0.01).Conclusions: There was a significant association between preeclampsia and PERIODONTAL DISEASES. The number of involved teeth and pocket depth were higher among the preeclamptic mothers compared to normal pregnant women.

Now evidence is mounting that suggests people with PERIODONTAL disease a bacterial infection, may be more at RISK for heart disease and have nearly twice the RISK of having a fatal heart attack, than patients without PERIODONTAL disease. It is our central hypothesis that PERIODONTAL disease, which are chronic Gram-negative infections, represent a previously unrecognized RISK FACTOR for atherosclerosis and thromboembolic events. Previous studies have demonstrated an association between PERIODONTAL disease severity and RISK of coronary heart disease-and stroke. We hypothesize that this association may be due to an underlying inflammatory response trait, which places an individual at high RISK for developing both PERIODONTAL disease and atherosclerosis. We further suggest that PERIODONTAL disease, once established, provides a biological burden of endotocxin (Lipoplysaccharide) and inflammatory cytokines (especially TXA2, IL-1, PGE2, and TNF-a) which serve to initiate and exacerbate atherogenesis and thromboembolic events. While more research is needed to confirm how PERIODONTAL bacteria may affect your heart, one possibility is that PERIODONTAL bacteria enter the blood through inflamed gums and cause small blood clots that contribute to clogged arteries.Another possibility is that the inflammation caused by PERIODONTAL disease contributes to the buildup of fatty deposits inside heart arteries.

Background: Coronary artery disease is recognized as one of the three major causes of mortality around the world. The role of inflammation in producing coronary artery disease has been established in previous studies. Since PERIODONTAL disease, which is highly prevalent, is considered as a cause of inflammation, its influence on producing coronary artery disease was investigated in the present study considering its four main indices. Methods: In this case-control study, 60 patients with angiographically proven coronary artery disease were selected as case group After matching for some baseline characteristics including educational level, age, sex, and some established RISK FACTORs for coronary artery disease, 60 healthy individuals were selected as control group from a population in whom coronary artery disease had been angiographically ruled out. Then, the existence of PERIODONTAL DISEASES was compared with statistical methods in these two groups, considering four different dental indices. Results: The mean plaque index (PI) was 57.82±2.92% in cases vs. 35.73±2.53% in controls (p<0.05). Mean bleeding on probing (BOP) was 36.3±3.38% in cases versus 18.6±2.6% in controls, while mean Attachment Loss>4mm was 35.14±3.89% and 15.48±2.79% in cases and controls, respectively (P<0.05). The mean loss of teeth (LOT) was not significantly different in cases and controls (5.08±0.52 versus 5.38±0.53, P>0.05). Therefore, except for the number of lost teeth, there was a statistically significant difference between these two groups. For an evaluation of independent variables, multiple logistic regression analysis was used. Odds ratio was 1.02 for attachment loss and 2.2 for BOP. Conclusion: PERIODONTAL DISEASES may be counted as a RISK FACTOR for coronary artery disease and it is essential to study the effects of control and management of these DISEASES as primary and secondary prevention for coronary artery disease in future studies.

The focus of this study is primarily on “the discrepancy in mentality as an important FACTOR affecting family problems and divorce”. For this purpose, some minor studies were conducted each of which experimentally examined different aspects of mental discrepancy in Iranian families. Almost all of these studies showed that permanent disputes and divorces resulted from the differences in their world-views, thinkings, and impressions in their mutual affairs. At last, the theory of Homogamy with two major revisions were used to explain the reasons and causes of family problems and divorce which were confirmed in minor studies and cases.

Background: Workers in different jobs exposed to noise. Chronic exposure to noise can cause hearing loss and sleep disturbance. Excessive noise exposure may lead to increased blood pressure, reduced job performance and high rates of absenteeism.Methods: In this cross-sectional study noise exposure was measured by SEL 440 sound level meters with the method of ISO 1996. Blood pressure in case and control groups was measured in workplace, in the standard condition, and during physical examination. Data were analyzed by t-test and Pearson correlation with the significant level of 0.01.Findings: Mean level of noise was 95.21±2.56 (90-107). There was difference between mean level of noise and the standard one (ACGIH 2009) (P<0.01).28.8% and 50.1% of workers had normal and high diastolic blood pressure, respectively and reminder (21.1 %) were in intermediate range. Mean systolic blood pressure was different in two studied groups (P<0.01). Mean diastolic blood pressure was not different in two studied groups (P>0.05). There was a positive and weak correlation between noise and systolic blood pressure (r=0.28, P<0.006).Conclusion: Prolonged exposure to industrial noise is associated with high blood pressure as a RISK FACTOR of cardiovascular disease. This study warrants the necessity of occupational training for workers regarding the effects of noise exposure and preventing its related adverse effects and detecting and managing of blood pressure in workers and considering special care for those with history of hypertension.

Background and Aim: PERIODONTAL disease may cause adverse pregnancy outcomes such as low birth weight (LBW) or preterm birth (PTB). In the present study, mothers with one of these two delivery complications were analyzed regarding presence/absence of PERIODONTAL disease as a possible RISK FACTOR in comparison with related medical RISK FACTORs. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the sample included 50 women admitted to Afzalipour Hospital in Kerman. All mothers had a history of PTB or LBW in their recent delivery. Medical RISK FACTORs including intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR), premature rupture of the amniotic membrane (PROM) and vaginal bleeding in addition to PERIODONTAL parameters including bleeding on probing (BOP), plaque index (PI) and attachment loss were recorded. Descriptive indices, Spearman’, s coefficient, logistic regression model, and receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used for data analysis. Results: All patients had various forms of PERIODONTAL involvement,86% had periodontitis. The frequency of periodontitis was significantly higher than medical RISK FACTORs (P=0. 024). The area under the curve (AUC) demonstrated higher discriminating power for maternal PERIODONTAL parameters in comparison with medical RISK FACTORs. Conclusion: Maternal PERIODONTAL disease appears to be an independent RISK FACTOR for PTB and LBW.