According to changes in the surface of respiratory epithelial cells and host immunity as well as virulence of hospital acquired pathogens, or pharyngeal colonization enhance in hospital admitted patients. Patient admission in hospital, due to changes of oropharyngeal flora and colonization of virulent germs such as Staphylococcus aureus and gram negative bacilli can be a serious problem for developing respiratory infections and nosocomial septicemia. This investigation was carried out on effects of residency of patients in the hospital by orophatyngeal flora. This was a Quasi-clinical trial and assembled data is based on observation and interview. Oropharyngeal germ samples of 30 admitted patients in dermatology ward of Loghman hospital were cultivated at the first and fifth day of admission. All the colonies were distinguished by microbiologists. Thirty patients at the range of 44+- 20 Years of age were studied. There have been history of corticosteroid usage in 16 persons (53%) and usage of a cytotoxic drug in 8 persons (27%). There has been a - hemolytic Streptococci in 100% of patients, Neisseria in 87%, coagulase positive Staphylococci in 3%, Yeast in 3% and gram negative bacilli in 13% of the patients at the first, but colonization of coagulase positive Staphylococci increased by 30%, the increase of the yeast was 23%. According to this study changes of orophatyngeal flora in a 5 days admission were statistically significant for coagulates positive Staphylococci and Yeast but these changes are not significant for other investigated germs.

Background and Aims: Functional therapy locates the mandible in a more anterior and inferior position. Tongue posture and Oropharynx space have a considerable relationship with mandibular posture. The aim of the present study was to determine the changes of tongue posture and Oropharynx space following treatment with Twin block appliance in adolescent patients with class II division 1 ma1occlusion. Materials and Methods: Twenty two patients (14 girls mean age: 11. 5, 8 boys mean age: 12. 5 years) who were treated with twin-block appliance were enrolled. Cephalograms were used to assess the linear measurements. Graber pattern and McNamara parameter were used to evaluate the tongue posture and Oropharynx space, respectively. Data analysis was performed by paired t-test. Results: The findings of the present study showed a significant increase in anterior position of tongue (P=0. 06). Oropharynx space was increased significantly (P<0. 001). There was a significant correlation between the decrease of ANB and anteroposterior increase of Oropharynx space. Conclusion: Twin-block appliance caused considerable forward movement of tongue and significant increase of Oropharynx space in the sagittal plan.

Statement of Problem: During treatment with functional appliance in patient with class II division I malocclusion, mandible is postured inferiorly and anteriorly. Considering the relation between mandible with tongue and Oropharynx space, functional appliance therapy can alter the tongue position and Oropharynx space.Purpose: This study aimed to determine the changes of Oropharynx space and posterior surface of the tongue position following treatment with Farmand functional appliances in patients with class II division I malocclusions.Materials and method: In this clinical trial study, 28 pre and post treatment cephalometric radiographs of patients with class II division I malocclusions were investigated. The age rang of females was 10-13 years and in males it was 11-14 years. The patients were treated by Farmand functional applicne for 11 months. McNamara analysis and some linear variables were used to determine the positional changes of tongue and Oropharynx space.Paired-t test was used to compare the pre and post treatment differences of mean values. Variance analysis was used to compare the growth patterns of the patients.Results: Tongue moved significantly forward (p<0.001) but non-significantly downward. Oropharynx space increased significantly in sagittal dimension (p<0.001). There was a significant correlation between decrease of ANB angle with forward movement of tongue (p<0.05) as well as with the increase in extent of Oropharynx space in the sagittal dimension (p<0.05).Conclusion: Treatment with Farmand functional appliance showed significant alteration in tongue position and as a result, increased the extent of oropharyngeal space.

Introduction: Solitary plasmacytoma is an uncommon type of plasma cell dyscrasia, which might occur in bone or soft tissue. Soft tissue solitary plasmacytoma or extramedullary plasmacytoma is less frequent than bone plasmacytoma. The most common location for extramedulary plasmacytoma is nasopharynx and paranasal sinuses. Case Presentation: Oropharyngeal plasmacytoma is very rare; hence we would like to share our experience. The patient was a 57 year-old man with 2 months history of dysphagia with a foreign body sensation. Total tumor resection was done and he received 40 Gy radiation. After 24 months of follow up the patient was well and disease free. Conclusion: according to the presented case, a plasmacytoma should be considered in patients with dysphagia and oropharyngeal lesion. These masses can be treated with surgical excision and radiotherapy.

Fibrovascular polyp is a rare disease, usually arise in the upper segment of the esophagus .In the search of medical literature in the recent 20 years only one case of oropharyngeal fibrovascular polyp has been reported. We reported a 63 years old female with chief complaint of incidental protrusion a mass of her mouth, it was a rare presentation of fibrovascular polyp of the base of tongue, who referred to the Imam Khomeini hospital of Hamadan.

Tuberculosis (TB) still represents a major public health problem worldwide. The primary form of disease is most often localized to the lung. In a minority of patients, progressive pulmonary disease spreads to other organ systems through self inoculation via infected sputum, blood and lymphatic system, establishing the secondary form of tuberculosis. We present a patient that was referred to us with complaint of ulcerative mouth lesions from 3 months ago. In physical examination multiple erythematous and irregularly ulcerative lesions affecting soft palate area, uvula and anterior tonsillar pillar was noted bilaterally. Punch biopsy was done from several points that revealed chronic granulomatous inflammation. Ziehl-Nielsen staining of cultured specimen demonstrated acid-fast bacilli. Chest X-ray showed apical pulmonary involvement, suggesting tuberculosis infection. Patient was treated with anti-tuberculosis 4 drugs regimen. In the one year follow-up period after complete treatment; patient didn't have any evidence of disease. Oral and oropharyngeal TB lesions are uncommon, it is estimated that only 0.05-5% of total TB cases may present with oral manifestations, but should be an important consideration in the differential diagnosis of lesions that appear in the oral cavity and Oropharynx. The secondary form is more frequent and involves mainly the tongue but involvement of pharynx is quite rare condition. Although tuberculosis of Oropharynx is relatively rare, with the increasing incidence of tuberculosis, it must be considered in the differential diagnosis of atypical ulcerative lesions of the mouth and Oropharynx.

Objective: Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is a most frequent cause of invasive diseases such as meningitis, septic arthritis and pneumonia in children under 5 years old. Asymptomatic oropharyngeal colonization is an origin of distribution of microorganism to others and probable bacteremia in the same child. The aim of this study was to determine antibiotic susceptibility of Hib in Tehran day care centers. Material & Methods: Hib was isolated from Oropharynx of 1000 children visiting 25 day care centers selected randomly in different parts of Tehran city during second half of year 2005. For antibiotic susceptibility determination we used disk diffusion test. Findings: Ampicillin resistance% and Beta lactamase was 32.3 production was seen in 23.6%. Cephalosporins resistance except for cefixime was between 10% to 20% and in cefixime was 58.8%. Rifampin resistance was 17.6%. Resistance to studied macrolids including azythromycin and clarythromycin was 19.6% and 35.3%. Conclusion: On the base of high antibiotic resistance to Hib in our study and other similar studies in Iran, we recommend to use optimal effective and proper antibiotics to decrease the high rate of antibiotics resistance to Hib colonization and its invasive diseases.

Background: Anterior open bite (AOB) is noteworthy because it is a complex dysplasia, and clinical studies on this malocclusion are usually epidemiological studies or experimental models with small samples and no control group, which renders the data on AOB incomplete and therefore inconclusive. The objective this study was to assess the risk factors involved in developing AOB. Materials and Methods: A case– control study was provided with a total of 96 lateral cephalometric radiographs of male and female patients aged between 8 and 14 years were used, regardless of facial type. The dependent variable was the presence or absence of AOB, which divided the participants into case and control groups, respectively; these groups were matched for gender and age. The case and control groups data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential analysis by binary logistic regression using at the 5% significance level Results: The occurrence of AOB was associated with the presence of deleterious oral habits (P = 0. 014; Chi‑ square test) and was approximately three times (odds ratio = 3. 04) more likely to occur in participants with AOB. No significant association between the presence of mouth breathing and the occurrence of AOB was found (P = 0. 151; Chi‑ square test). The odds associated with tongue interposition were 10. 51 times higher than those of participants with no such deglutition. The odds associated with the dolichofacial pattern were 5. 74 times those of participants with a nondolichofacial pattern. Conclusion: Tongue interposition and dolichocephalic facial pattern were risk factors for developing AOB.

BACKGROUND: Bordetella bronchiseptica is a gram negative pathogen of the respiratory tract in dogs, pigs, cats, horses, laboratory animals and human beings. OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was detection of Bordetella bronchiseptica in Oropharynx region of pet and kenneled dogs by PCR and culture and evaluation of antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates in Iran. METHODS: The samples were collected by sterile swabs from Oropharynx region of 62 pet dogs (including 31 dogs with clinical respiratory disease signs and 31 dogs without clinical respiratory disease signs) and 62 kenneled dogs (including 31 dogs with clinical respiratory disease signs and 31 dogs without clinical respiratory disease signs). Bordetella bronchiseptica was detected by PCR and culture and antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates were evaluated. RESULTS: Based on the PCR results, Bordetella bronchiseptica was detected in 16. 1% of pet dogs with clinical respiratory disease signs, 9. 6% of pet dogs without clinical respiratory disease signs, 22. 5% of kenneled dogs with clinical respiratory disease signs and 16. 1% of kenneled dogs without clinical respiratory disease signs. On bacterial culture, Bordetella bronchiseptica was isolated from 3. 2% pet dogs with clinical respiratory disease signs, 3. 2% kenneled dogs with clinical respiratory disease signs and 6. 4% kenneled dogs without clinical respiratory disease signs, none of the pet dogs without clinical respiratory disease signs was positive on bacterial culture. The isolates tested by the agar dilution method were susceptible to tetracycline, enrofloxacin, co-trimoxazole and doxycycline, moderately susceptible to ceftriaxone and resistant to ampicillin. CONCLUSIONS: This study has shown the high prevalence of Bordetella bronchiseptica infection in dogs in Iran. Bordetella bronchiseptica can infect the people who have contact with the affected pet dogs and those kept in overcrowded shelters.