Aim: This investigation was designed to determine TONGUE location and movements on palate in pronunciation of Persian alphabets and selected words in control and TT groups.Subjects: Ten persons with TT habit and 10 persons without this habit, 9- 13 years old, which were matched due to age, sex, race, type and severity of malocclusion, with no history of orthodontic treatment, surgery and systemic diseases.Materials and Method: Phonetic test was done to exclude patients with speech disorders. Maxillary alginate impression were taken to construct upper removable appliance with 12 electrodes. Fine wires connected the electrodes to a electro palate-vision device designed for this study. The removable appliance was inserted on the upper arch and then Persian alphabets and some selected words were pronounced by both groups. A marker was designed for every electrode on the device. TONGUE movements on palate were shown by these markers. TONGUE movements on palate were shown by these markers. After recording the TONGUE movements, the location of TONGUE and the quantity of the TONGUE contacts were compared by T. student and chi-square tests.Results: TONGUE position on palate in pronunciation of Persian alphabets will be discussed completely in the two groups. In the TT group, TONGUE had more contact with the palate in 6 points (P<0.0005) . In pronunciation of alphabets, TONGUE was more forward in TT group. The quantity of TONGUE contacts with palate was similar in both groups.Conclusion: Combination of alphabets to words and sentences in speech reduces the difference in speech between TT and control group. Although there is difference in TONGUE movements to pronounce the alphabets between the two groups but they are similar in speech.

Blue TONGUE is a viral disease. Culicoides mosquitoes are the main vector for the disease. Sheep is the most susceptible species. According to high prevalence of blue TONGUE in Turkey and similar climate and ecosystem in Iran, the investigation of disease situation in Iran is important. Serum samples were taken from 605 suspicious sheep in west Azarbaijan in 2003. Agar gel immunodiffiusion test was done to detect antibodies against blue TONGUE. Results showed that 382 (63.1 %) animals were positive for blue TONGUE. In spring and summer 69.1% of samples and in autumn and winter 57% of samples were positive (P<0.005). The most and lowest prevalence were Makou (76.8%) and Salmas (53.7%), respectively. Prevalence rate in west Azarbaijan was 63.1 %. It is necessary to determine which types of virus cause the positive reaction and whether the virus is similar to types that are circulating in Turkey and the other neighbors of Iran or not.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of enamel defects in primary dentition of the term and preterm infants.Method and materials: In this historical cohort study, enamel defects (enamel hypoplasia and opacities) were evaluated and determined in 137 children (90 term, 47 preterm). Indeed, some data about weight, systemic diseases and medicine consumption in mothers and children and problems during delivery were achieved. Data were analyzed by chi-square test using SPSS software.Results: The prevalence of enamel defects of any type among these children was 27.7 percent, only hypoplasia 14.9 percent, and only opacities 14.9 percent. Enamel hypoplasia was more frequent in upper central incisors (14.9%) and lower first molars (10.6%). The prevalence of hypoplasia and opacities were more frequent in preterm children but results of c² test did not show any significant difference. Breech presentation, infantile respiratory distress syndrome and hypoxia during delivery were more frequent in preterm children (P = 0.0001).Conclusion: This study showed that there is no significant difference in prevalence of enamel defects in preterm infants in comparison to terms.

Introduction: Geographic and fissured TONGUEs are the most common disorders of TONGUE. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of this disorder in the female students of Yazd in 2013.Methods: This analytic cross-sectional study was carried out applying observational technique, interview, and the information application form. In this study, 1230 students were selected via randomcluster sampling including: 416 primary school students, 400 middle school students and 414 high school female students. Ultimately, the study were analyzed data spss via software (Ver.20) applying Fisher exact, Logistic Regression, Chi-squared test and T- test.Results: In general, the particular TONGUE disorders were observed in 320 samples (26%), among which 42 (3.4%) had only geographic TONGUE, 240 (19.5%) had only fissured TONGUE and 38 (3.1%) had both of them. The results of multivariate logistic regression indicated that history of allergy (OR: 16.83. P-value 0<00), and fissured TONGUE (OR: 2.73. P-value 0<001) were significantly related to the geographic TONGUE.Conclusion: The inspected TONGUE disorders within female students of Yazd were demonstrated to be highly prevalent. The results of the present study revealed a relationship between these two inspected disorders within the females. Furthermore, a significant relationship was observed between geographic and fissured TONGUEs with the allergy history and drug consumption or systematic diseases.

Introduction: Vascular abnormalities are relatively uncommon lesions, but head and neck is a common region for vascular malformation which is classified as benign tumors. In this paper, the authors report a rare presentation of vascular malformation in the TONGUE and its managements.Case Report: An 18 months 2 old child presented with a giant mass of TONGUE which caused functional and aesthetic problem. The rapid growth pattern of cavernous hemangioma was refractory to corticosteroid. The lesion was excised without any complication. Since the mass was so huge that not only filled entire oral cavity but was protruding outside, airway management was a great challenge for anesthesia plan and at the same time surgical technique was difficult to select.Conclusion: Despite different recommended modalities in managing hemangiomas of the TONGUE, in cases of huge malformations, surgery could be the mainstay treatment and provided that critical care measures are taken in to account, could be performed very safely.

Actinomycotic infections are known to be associated with difficulties in making the diagnosis and treatment. Actinomycosis of the TONGUE is rare and of great importance, not only because it can mimic many other diseases, but also because the TONGUE itself has some histophysiologic features that make it resistant to infections. In this report, we present a case of lingual actinomycosis and discuss the predisposing factors as well as the diagnostic methods and therapeutic modalities.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: One of the dento alveolar abnormalities is class III malocculsion with maxillary deficiency. Correction of this malocclusion in growth ages using orthopedic appliances to avoid further extensive surgical treatment and improvement in soft tissue profile will help to reach beauty. The objective of this study was to survey changes in soft tissue profile following TONGUE guard in class III patients with maxillary deficiency. METHODS: In this experimental study, 20 class III patients (4 males and 16 females) with maxillary deficiency and reserve overjet with mean age of 7.5 years old referring to orthodontic department of Babol dental school in the year 2000 were treated by TONGUE guard at least for 6 months. Two lateral cephalometry were obtained before and after treatment for each patient and after tracing results were compared. FINDINGS: After cephalometric analyzing and comparison between before and after tracing, an obvious increase was found in forward movement of subnasal soft tissue (3.59 mm), superior labial salcus (3.12 mm), incisal edge of centrals (3.38mm), upper lip prominence (4.53 mm). Lower lip prominence (1.05 mm), inferior labial sulcus (1.47 mm) and the most anterior point of chin (1.56 mm) move anteriorly to some extent. Vertical distance of subnasal soft tissue (2.03 mm), superior labial sulcus (2.22 mm), upper lip prominence (2.65 mm), inferior labial sulcus (3.41mm), the most prominent point of chin (2.59mm) and incisal edge (3.47mm) have increased significantly. Nasolabial angle (-1.440), mentolabial angle (1.820) and soft tissue convexity angle (-2.360) have decreased. Upper lip thickness decreased. Distance between upper lip and esthetic line decreased and distance between lower lip and E-line increased. CONCLUSION: Due to results of our study in class III patients with maxillary deficiency treated by TONGUE guard because of change in position of inferior hard tissue and teeth. We can expect an improvement in soft tissue profile due to movement of mid third of face forwardly and downward and backward rotation of mandible.

Ankyloglossia (TONGUE-tie) is a congenital anomaly with a prevalence of 4–5% and characterized by an abnormally short lingual frenulum. For unknown reasons the abnormality seems to be more common in males. The pathogenesis of ankyloglossia is not known. The authors report a family with isolated ankyloglossia inherited as an autosomal dominant or recessive trait. The identification of the defective gene(s) in these patients might reveal novel information on the pathogenesis of this disorder.