Marginalization is a part of a city development forming by low income citizens and rural migrants without planning, control and observation of regulations. The rate of crime in such districts seems high. The cause of that seems to be some factors including the high rate of population, increasing poverty, the high rate of poverty, social break down and structure failure as well as releasing from social control and public opinion. The present research is an applied type and the material employed is a thesis questionnaire. The purpose of this essay is to find the correlation between Marginalization and crime. For obtaining this goal 171 samples from Dowlat Abad of Kermanshah have been studied. The stability of results has been checked by Alpha Cronbach test and verified. Data analyzing has been done by Titik test and Pearson assessments. The findings suggest a correlation between Marginalization and crime. The family and residency confusion, in addition are high in this district and the belief to society’ s norms and justifying are high, as well.

The relationship between Marginalization policies and the identity of Marginalization residents(Study case of Marginalization of Tehran city)Topic and problem: The present article seeks to identify the conceptual differences around the identity of the marginalized among the policies of Marginalization, the views of cultural workers and activists in municipalities and neighborhood centers, and the perspective of the marginalized themselves.Method: Clark and Brown's thematic analysis method has been used in this research, and the data was purposefully selected from special cases, which include documents related to Marginalization policies, semi-structured interviews with 48 people from the margins. Residents and 25 employees and cultural activists are located in the municipality and neighborhood hall in the 2nd, 4th, 12th, 18th and 19th districts of Tehran.Results: The findings show that in the Marginalization policies, the identity of the marginalized is based on the two main themes of local nervousness and freedom-creativity, and in the view of employees and cultural trends, based on characteristics such as strong local solidarity. Uncertainty, disorganization, etc. are formed. But the interview with marginal residents showed that their identity is fundamentally linked with the concept of work. The solidarity of the marginal residents is a normal solidarity like anywhere else in the city, but the strong local solidarity of the marginal residents is formed when they feel that their work is threatened by a new order. Their authority is against the threat of creating uncertainty and disorder.Key words: Marginalization policies, local nervousness, participatory development, order avoidance, local unconscious solidarity, thematic analysis.

Marginalization as an external factor causing crime is of great importance in criminology and criminal sociology studies and is considered as one of the causes of delinquency. This is because the areas where marginalized people live are part of the areas that are very ready to commit crimes, the lack of sufficient supervision in these areas, the existence of very needy and unemployed people, the low level of literacy, etc. These factors have made it easy for criminals to live in this place, and as long as these factors exist, these areas will be crimeprone. What we are trying to investigate is the crimes and anomalies that originate from living in marginal areas and the place this has in Iran's criminal system In the current study, the position of Marginalization in the legislative policy of the Iranian criminal system is investigated. The applied method in this descriptive-analytical research and the data collection tool is also a questionnaire. The goal that can be stated for this research is to investigate the position of Marginalization in the legislative policy of Iran's criminal system. In connection with the mentioned goal, the main question that is raised is, what is the place of Marginalization in the legislative policy of Iran's criminal system? It seems that the issue of Marginalization has no place in the criminal legal system and legislative policies such as legal solutions, physical solutions and supervisory solutions are necessary. The findings of the research show that in order to combat the phenomenon of Marginalization, a well-considered and appropriate policy has not been implemented and does not exist.

This article is about the phenomenon of Marginalization and delinquency, and it is also to provide practical social work solutions. Studies show that there is a relationship between social Marginalization and crime and delinquency. Finally practical social workers solutions about local development presented in order to resolve the problems of social Marginalization and thereby reducing crime and delinquency.

Banberz, Banbor, and Sabziabad neighborhoods are three residential districts on the periphery of Ilam city, and are facing a lot of problems namely social, economic, and physical, particularly in housing sector including low quality, poor housing, limited-quantity housing. In order to assess the sustainability of housing, 75 indicators and to rank districts, SPSS software (exploratory factor analysis) is used. On the basis of economic, social, educational, health, and environmental services and culture three districts (Banbarz, Banboor, Sabziabad) were selected as marginal neighborhood. Most houses, have been built away from without permission and building permits and engineering control in small scale measures. According to statistical models; most of household economic statuses are below the poverty line. According to the findings of the questionnaire, fabric and physical feature, type of building, materials applied, quality of building and density of residential units of most units out of any control and without engineering standards in small-scale piece of land, were built without a permit and building permit. Given the statistical models, the economic status of households indicate that more than 70 percent of them live below the poverty line.

This article deals with the formation stages of Anahita neighborhood in Kermanshah metropolis. The theoretical approach of the article is based on Henri Lefebvre's views on the "production of space". The research method is ethnography and data collection techniques are observation and interview. The findings of the research show: As a result of the increase in the population of Kermanshah city in the 06s and 06s, the urban administration started to build settlements in the "Khorasu" plain. Anahita settlement was built by Akopal mass-building company for the army commanders in the northwestern tip of Kermanshah. With the start of the imposed war, the refugees of Qasre-Shirin city were resettled in this town. Over time, they turn to redistribution of residential units so that they can accommodate more people. Over time, people built empty lands around the town away from the supervision of the municipality. In 1994, the municipality took over the supervision of the neighborhood and prohibited the construction outside the limits and took over the naming of roads, branching of water, electricity and gas distribution. The ownership problem caused the municipality to not be able to supervise the construction of floors and did not have much activity in the field of green space, educational and health space. Finally, in such a situation, people built the low-income neighborhood of Anahita in its current form, which is considered a marginal settlement, in ways outside of urban planning standards.

Introduction: Mothering is a precious art with many intricacies. When women experience thephenomenon of mothering, they become vulnerable, and face many challenges. It creates worst conditions, if this experience is combined with a disability such as blindness. This study aimed to determine blindmothers’ experiences of Marginalization. Method: The approach used in this study was hermeneutic phenomenology. Sampling was carried outusing targeted and snow balling method. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with nine congenitallyblind mothers who had child under the age of 8 years old. The interviews were recorded and transcribedverbatim. Interviews continued until data saturation. van Manen method was used for all steps of the studyincluding data collections, data analysis, and interpretation and reporting the findings. Data analysis wasperformed using MAXQDA software. Results: From 479 initial codes, the main theme of "hermit inevitable", and subthemes of "feelings ofshame", "a sense of discrimination", and "obligation in loneliness" were emerged. Conclusion: Blind mothers’ perception of themselves was to be marginalized, and they suffered fromshame feeling, discrimination, lack of support, and obligation in loneliness. Blindness affects mothering, and blind mothers are in a unique situation.

Background: A few studies have addressed the impact of stoma on patients’ social life. This study aimed to understand the problems leading to social isolation of patients undergoing ostomy.Methods: A conventional qualitative content analysis by unstructured interviews was conducted on 27 patients with intestinal or urinary diversion ostomy recruited from the Iranian Ostomy Association (IOA) with purposive sampling since March to October. Results: The findings showed some concerns after ostomy. These concerns lead to patient’s isolation in 4 main categories of “sense of exclusion”, “helplessness in controlling unpleasant side effects”, “weakness in informing patients”, and “ no support”.Conclusion: Educational, financial, and cultural support of the patients undergoing ostomy can prevent their social.

Background & Aims: During the nursing education, students should acquire a wide range of knowledge and skills necessary for the nursing career. The main objective of this study is to explore time management in nursing students considering their obstacles and specific university education.Material & Methods: Grounded theory was used as method. A total of 21 undergraduate nursing students were recruited by purposeful and theoretical sampling. Data was generated using semi-structured interviews and analyzed by constant comparison method of Corbin & Strauss (2008).Results: in this study, “Marginalization of the educational tasks” was one of the three behavioral patterns used by the nursing students. The properties of this pattern were: unwanted entry to the nursing major, stress and dissatisfaction with time pass, non-admission of the field, endeavor for stress reduction and getting satisfaction, and Marginalization of educational tasks. According to this pattern, to cope their perceived stress, the students spent the main part of their time on non-academic tasks.Conclusion: The finding of this study highlights the need for planning to increase nursing students’ motivation to spend more time for academic tasks.