The aim of this article is to show social CHARACTERISTICS of MODERNIST painters in Iran. The main question is whether or not a stable pattern can be reached in order to show the effects of social factors on people to become artists. In order to find the answer, it is necessary to introduce social CHARACTERISTICS of Iranian MODERNIST painters.This article is theoretically related to the field of sociology of art and it emphasizes on artists. Janet Wolff's theoretical framework is used in relation to CHARACTERISTICS of artists. Wolff believes that becoming an artist is a social process and different social factors affect that. She indicates the role of certain factors such as institutions, social groups and classes, etc. in this process. The main point in Wolff's discussions, which is also central to this study, is the idea that becoming an artist is a process which follows different social and economic conditions, and which suitability or non-suitability of these conditions can bring either order or disorder to that. These conditions may even prevent the process from happening. She points to family, class and educational conditions in order to explain the situation.The research method is a survey based on questionnaire which is filled through interview with artists. In accordance with Janet Wollff's theory, the author emphasizes here on some main areas such as family, artistic training, class condition, state support, gender and friends. The main hypothesis of the article is that factors such as family, class, support, training, social and individual relations as well as historical and geographical conditions of the society, such as being urban or rural, and ethnicity can contribute to a person’s becoming an artist.The findings show that most of the Iranian MODERNIST painters at the time of research (year 2007) have been young and highly educated, were born in Tehran (Capital city), and at the time of research were living in Tehran. The proportion of men to women has been 40 to 60, which demonstrates that the majority of painters were women. It is also showing that, in the past, men artists outnumbered women artists, while today the reverse is the case.Moreover, the findings show that there is a meaningful relationship between gender and social class, so that more women painters are from higher class while more men painters are from lower class. On the other hand, men painters are more supported by government and private funds. It can be said that in the process of becoming artists, women are mostly influenced by class, while men are mostly influenced by financial supports.The findings lead to the general conclusion that many different social factors are effective on people becoming artists, but the rate and kind of these factors may differ from research to research and from society to society. Therefore, one cannot point to a unique and stable pattern for influencing social factors. In fact, although social factors are very effective, their influence is, in most cases, contingent on the existing social conditions of the society in question.

In recent years, there has been a debate between self-proclaimed MODERNISTs and post MODERNISTs. Theorists in both camps generally agree that something has fundamentally changed in the patterns of social relations, economic flows, and moral regulation in modern societies. The goal is to suggest that the concepts of modernity and post modernity are deeply linked. On the one, post modernity is undoubtedly part of the modern. On the other hand, postmodernism has actually been beneficial in helping us reinterpret our understanding of the modern era. Post modernism as an intellectual movement gained momentum an the late twentieth century and find its clearest expression as on aesthetic movement in the cultural sphere. In general, it may be said that where MODERNISTs tend to think: in terms of totality, or systems, post MODERNISTs think in terms of fragmentation, ephemerality and discontinuity.

The importance of mythology in the formation and evolution of human knowledge is quite well-known to all human beings in different communities. This knowledge in turn makes it essential to restudy it on the wake of modem technological discoveries and inventions. Mythological stories present themselves in two very different forms of "mythologizing" and "myth narration" in modem poetry. Some abler MODERNIST poets used both forms of mythology in their poetry in order to preserve their ancient art and culture. The author is of the belief that though MODERNIST poets are more inclined to myth narration rather than mythologizing, there are some poets who have made artistic mythic poems which requires due attention and praise. This form of poetry is not practiced by a certain or special group of people with a particular political bias. This poetry mainly targets a change and its main goal is breaking free from all the traditional ties which are imposed upon a society because of the current conditions. Despite this, one can safely say that a modem poets approach toward mythological concepts is idealistic and has a socio-political approach. And the fact that such mythological entities as gods, Amshaspandans, heroes and heroines and also evil forces may have variant amount of presence in MODERNIST poets poetry can be either traced to the poets personal tastes and interests or the kind of look they have toward mythology. The MODERNISTs, however, are aware of the importance of mythological concepts which are mainly products of the human psyche and try their best to help prevent the extinction of this priceless inheritance.

Some literary texts seem being created on the threshold of two different movements, since they reflect the features of them both. Some literary features are also common in two different literary movements and they can even be seen in the works belong to two different eras. The novel “Asfar-e-Kateban” (Books of Scribers) is among the works which have lots of techniques and measures which are the same in MODERNIST and post-MODERNIST styles; measures such as numerous narrators and narratives, non-linear disjointed narrative, death of the author, language prominence, similarity of the characters in one single work, the text prominence, the preference of ontology over epistemology, the narrative nature of history, the vicious circles, intertextuality, combining different genres or eclecticism, and putting old and new text in together. According to the features of post-MODERNIST novels, Abutorab Khosravi, the author, has made an effort to get close post-MODERNIST style. We are going to examine, in present study, the above-mentioned novel from this perspective.

Improving participation in voluntary activities in Iran is important because increasing productivity among young people, given the country's young population, contributes to community sustainability. Therefore, a better understanding of volunteer motivation in Iranian youth is needed. The Volunteer Functions Inventory (VFI) for assessing volunteer motivations has good psychometric properties and is adapted to several languages, but no validated Iranian translation yet exists. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric CHARACTERISTICS of voluntary functions inventory in members of Iranian Red Crescent Society. Sample size was 595 members of Youth Organization of Iranian Red Crescent Society from 31 provinces and 175 cities of Iran that were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method and responded to voluntary functions inventory. Data were collected using a demographic sample and voluntary functions inventory (VFI). Confirmatory factor analysis using principal components method was used for data analysis. The results of the present study showed that the voluntary functions inventory had validity and reliability. Also, the factor structure showed that 29 items and 6 factors well assess people's attitudes to volunteering, and the structure of this inventory was well-fitted and confirmed all goodness of fit models. The present study provides the use of the Iranian translation of the Voluntary Functions Inventory (6 scales and 29 items) to assess volunteer motivation among young Iranian volunteers.

Regadless of its political, philosophical and social issues, Modernism in literature refers to an aesthetic discourse in which the method of expression is of great significance. Nevertheless, MODERNIST literature is also concerned with political, philosophical and social themes. Inspired by western literature, MODERNIST literature in Iran started to grow in the 1960s. One cannot deny the role of the pioneering poets, particularly Yadollah Royaee, who through establishing and expanding these movements influenced Persian literature of that historical period. As a formalist poet, Royaee regards the form of a poem as its ultimate end. Avoiding poetic themes and commitment, and using MODERNIST elements such as "defamiliarization", "imagery", and an inclination toward "prosaic poems" and the other linguistic techniques, Royaee is regarded as one of the Iranian Modern poets in literary circles. In this article, the researchers deal with the impact of modernism on his poetry.

Conclusion is one of the most important topics in narratology. The ambiguity and complex structure of the postmodern story, following the form, leads to various conclusions that make the understanding and reception of the results confusing and optimistic for the audience. In modern fiction, Bijan Najdi has created works by breaking the classical form and structure, which has led to various types of endings, which are in the form of rotation or rotation, multiple endings, parallel or parallel, endless end, false, open, definite, proposed for you. The use of these new techniques in the endings of the story by Bijan Najdi has not only contributed significantly to the attractiveness and variety of his works, but also shows his artistic creativity and high writing ability, so that in each of his stories, different examples of these forms can be seen. In this way, the present study, with the aim of explaining the types of endings in Najdi's postmodern novels, descriptively-analytically studies the stories of two groups of cheetahs that ran with me again from the same streets.

One of the major categories of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution is MODERNISTs (motajadedin) who are referred to variously as “adaptionists”, “apologists”, “syncretists” and “revisionists”. Motajadedin are devout and knowledgeable Iranians whose mission is threefold: first, to define Iranian identity by bringing out of the fundamentals in rational and liberal manner; second, to emphasize, among others, basic elements of modern ideals of freedom, tolerance, fraternity, law, secularism and nationalism; and third, to interpret the context of social tradition in such a way as to bring out is dynamic character in the context of the intellectual and scientific progress of the modern world. In contrast to traditionalists, concerned with maintaining of the status quo, and to the reformer Islamists, motajadedin sincerely endeavored to reconcile differences between traditional religious doctrine and secular scientific rationalism, between unquestioning faith and rational logic, and between the continuity of Islamic tradition and modernity.

Background and Aim: Job enrichment is a method that has been used to increase employee satisfaction and work motivation. The Hackman and Oldham job CHARACTERISTICS model (1976) has served as the foundation for many job enrichment efforts. In particular, a considerable amount of research has been devoted to the study of the job CHARACTERISTICS-job satisfaction relations. Te purpose of this study was to statistically determine the relation between job CHARACTERISTICS and job satisfaction among employees of hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) in 2007. Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional one, including 6 TUMS-affiliated hospitals-Emam, Shariati, Baharlo, Ziaeian, Madaen and Azadi. The sample size was 400, consisting of 200 administrative employees (50%), 151 nurses (38%) and 49 physicians (12%). The random sampling and stratified proportional sampling methods were used to select the hospitals and interviewees, respectively. Two questionnaires were developed and used to identify job CHARACTERISTICS and job satisfaction: 1) job diagnostics surveys (JDS) and 2) Hertzberg's job satisfaction questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaires was ascertained by test-retest using the Pearson correlation coefficient (r = 0.88). Linear-by-linear association and ordinal logistics regression analysis were used for analyzing the data gathered.Results:The relations between the Motivational Potential Score (MPS) and job CHARACTERISTICS (except for feedback) with job satisfaction were statistically significant (p<0.05). Task identity was the most effective determinant of job satisfaction. Conclusion: It appears that all the job CHARACTERISTICS (except feedback) are important determinants of job satisfaction of the hospital employees. Although the work environment is in need of restructuring, it is important to note, from a positive perspective, that the job CHARACTERISTICS discussed in this study are readily amenable to change job satisfaction at the organizational level.

Changing and reforming the educational system was the central concern of a range of modern thinkers of the advanced Pahlavi era, which appeared as a MODERNIST discourse in the cultural sphere of this time. The play was one means of expressing these concerns, which, as a new type of writing, could express new concepts in a conversational and story-like format. In the current research, while analyzing the content of constitutional plays and Pahlavi's advanced period, an attempt has been made to examine the mentality of some of the MODERNIST elites in connection with education and its relationship with the country's cultural development. An analytical examination of the content of these plays shows a change in the education discourse, a development that can be interpreted as a modernism manifestation. Criticism of the traditional attitude and introduction of new themes, a new conceptualization of “homeland”, insisting on the necessity of education for all, including adults, and emphasizing physical education alongside education, is a reflection of this discourse evolution. Also, the change in the playwriting approach of the Pahlavi period, compared to the constitutional period, was a function of the political conditions of the time, which was consistent with the policies of the Pahlavi government in the modernization field. In addition, the particular focus on the concept of a better future for the “homeland” in these plays can be seen as a reflection of the nationalism discourse of the Pahlavi era, which focused on the importance of education as a corridor for the transition to a developed and advanced country in the view of the MODERNISTs of this era.