This paper attempts to enter the fields of history, sociology and political sciences and finds a link between their theoretical and practical bases. Therefore, the main concern in this paper is to find the relationship between Anfal (a historical and socio-political event) and modernism (a political-philosophical concept).It attempts to find out if Anfal or the genocide of the Iraqi Kurds has any relationship with modernism and if it can be considered as a by-product of modernism. By explaining the concept of modernism and highlighting the paradoxes in it, this paper examines Anfal vs-a-vis these paradoxes. To answer research questions of the theory of modernism theory and its critical attitude one has to depend on data analysis and use of the descriptive analytical method.The hypothesis in this study is that Anfal is the product of modernism. Findings of the study show that Anfal is the product of the paradoxes in modernism and modernism while encountering Anfal has shown its dark side. Fatalism is an aspect which has developed as a result of instrumental rationality which in itself is an outcome of modernism.The instrumental rationality has brought with itbureaucracy, army and technology as a result of which government fell in the hands of the Baath Partywhich was the direct product of Anfal.

The history of western thought could be categorized generally into three paradigms of pre-modern, modern and post-modern. It is tried in this article to explore comparatively the worldviews of Modernity and post-Modernity based on three concepts of epistemology, ontology and anthropology. In other words, the main objective of the argument is to make an in-depth enquiry into the roots and fundamental ingredients of Modernity. The question raised is what were the criticisms and weaknesses of Modernity which led to the emergence of the school of thought called post-modernism? Hence, three concepts of epistemology, ontology and anthropology are applied as ingredients of comparison between the two paradigms of Modernity and post-Modernity.

The article includes two discourses: first discourse, discusses about Modernity and two of its main foundations; rationalism and humanism, and then explanes their impacts on the formation of the modern world, society and human being. Second discourse, considers the postmodern critical approach to Modernity and its principles. Postmodernism, totally rejects the modern reason and deconstructs 'all aspects of intellectual and rational legacy of the Enlightenment tradition and Modernity. Finally, the author of the article concludes: negation of modern rationality as an instrument of total domination over contemporary and late modern society by postmodernism denies the dichotomous quality of modern reason and refuses the emancipatory feature of the cultural and communicative reason, and as a results, leads to conservatism and nihilism.

This article analyzes rural housing from a cultural point of view in the past and present. It studies housing as one of the main elements of lifestyle to understand the rural life as a whole. The author, first, studies the effects of Modernity on housing culture in the areas such as modernization, rationalization, secularization, globalization, individualization, democratization, urbanization, mediatization, commercialization and bureaucratization. Then, he describes these developments in an Iranian village which is the birthplace of the author using on ethnographical explanation. This study shows that the characteristics of rural housing which were: noncom modification, strong connection with village, being a birth place and somewhere to be nurtured, being mixed with family and historical myths and narratives, coexisting with the nature, lack of privacy have undergone charges. Therefore, we cannot address them by adopting a classical approach considering village as the locus of tradition and city as the locus of Modernity. The author believes that a kind of "Iranian rural Modernity" has been formed in Iranian villages.

The objective of this paper is to study the relationship between Modernity and changes in family in general land examine the way and kind of changes within Tehran and the city of Tehran in particular. By using Parson"s functional structuralist theory and Ingelhart"s theory of cultural changes, family development has been empirically studied over three generations in Tehran. The findings indicate that, firstly, the family in Tehran is undertaking fundamental changes. Secondly, not only the three generations within family vary with respect to the variables of education, occupation and aspirations, but also changes in some structural elements of family have moved from material values towards post-material ones. The study shows that in the sphere of manners, joys and festival parties, family in this society is experiencing a modernistic process affected by the wider society. This gives us a new feature about the family in Tehran, influenced by the process of adaptation of changes in the new era.

Sign in New Civilizations West to Iran in recent decades has led to different approaches between Iranian intellectuals. Among contemporary scholars have taken the position that the novelty of his ideas is the foundation of the Islamic Revolution, Imam Khomeini (RA)is. Khomeini modernization of the (external) content, as opposed to the trappings of Modernity, Islam Vlma knows. But the content of what the West stands Westernization acceptance Vanhtat community knows. This paper is an attempt at using content analysis of documents Khomeini Modernity are examined from various angles.

The Present Paper seeks to compare the religiousity among university students and other young people. The rationale is the attention paid by social research on the relationship between Modernity and secularism. Although Peter Berger has changed his idea regarding the secularism being the final result of Modernity, but it is still claimed that people with higher level of education are less inclined toward religion than others. In other words, university students show lower level of religiousity. The present paper by employing Berger's conceptual framework and taking into account the varions dimensions of religiousity seeks to examine religiousity among these two groups of people. The results confirmed the revised idea of Berger. In other words, no significant difference were found. Yet no single pattern in religiousity is followed by all people. For this reason, it is better to describe the situation as multi-dimensional religiousity.

Study of the historical trend of sciences show that sciences have evolved in light of societie’s progress. In this historical trend, societies after passing of agriculture and industrial era reach to Modernity era. Modernity has been affected on all aspects of human life such as society, economic, political and environmental life. The objective of this research is to investigate of the modernism variables on development of management accounting techniques. This research is a qualitative research and its research method is historical. Research results show that management accounting as a science has evolved when entities entered in Modernity era, and arise of the management accounting techniques are resulting of entities activities in a modern environment.

The importation into or transplantation of elements of the modern world onto the Iranian society has left an impact on all aspects of individual and social life in the country. To analyze and tackle those problems in the normative and legal fields heavily depends on a deep understanding of Modernity and its effect on religious law. On this basis, it is an imperative to provide an answer to three questions. First, what were the grounds of the emergence of Modernity in the West? Secondly, what were the constitutive elements of Modernity? Thirdly, what kind of changes did Modernity bring about in the traditional legal system, or what were the characteristic features of the modern law? It will be shown that Modernity, on this account, made the law change in four directions. They are the "aim" and "source" of law, the legal "method" and the "competent legislature" within the legal system.Modern law came out of interactions embedded in modern life, on one side, and its existence provided for and guaranteed the survival of that life, on the other.