This study aimed to investigate the effect of different culture mediums based on the Walne medium on the growth rate, chemical composition, and fatty acid (FA) profile in I. galbana and N. oculata. This experiment was done in a factorial design with two culture media (Walne and modified Walne media) and two microalgae species, including I. galbana and N. oculata. The results showed that the modified culture medium increased total and daily fresh and dried biomass production of I. galbana and N. oculata. Modified culture media increased crude fat (CF) and crude protein (CP) content and total and daily lipid production in both the studied species. However, in both the studied culture mediums, N. oculata had higher growth and production performance compared to I. galbana. Modified growth media also affects the FA profiles of the studied microalgae species. Total saturated and unsaturated FA content was not influenced by the growth medium but modified media increased poly unsaturated FA (PUFA) at the expense of mono unsaturated FA (MUFA). Omega- 3 FA content (linolenic acid, Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) was increased as a result of the medium modification in both species. However, linoleic acid content was affected differently in I. galbana and N. oculata. The linoleic acid concentration was reduced in modified medium grown N. oculata but increased in I. galbana. Palmitic acid and stearic acid contents were also decreased in both of the studied species in the modified medium. This study develops microalgal cultivation using a modified Walne medium for higher CP, CF, EPA, DHA contents, the ratio of omega3: omega6 FA, and biomass production in N. oculata and I. galbana microalgae.Microalgae species can produce oil and protein in non-cultivable lands, reducing the need for defrosting and can have an important role in reducing carbon foot-print of animal production. One of the most valuable products of microalgae is their oil, which ranges from 20 to 50% of the dry weight of microalgae (Brennan and Owende 2010; Leonga et al. 2018). The I. galbana is often grown on farms to produce oils that contain large amounts of PUFA rich in omega-3 long chain FA, such as EPA and DHA (Gouveia et al. 2008). Species of the genus N. oculata are also known to be rich in EPA (Kagan et al. 2014; Borges et al. 2016). Factors such as nutrient quantity and quality, light, pH, turbulence, salinity, and temperature are the most important parameters on which, the growth of microalgae depends (Lavens and Sorgeloos 1996; Converti et al. 2009; Emmanuel and Nelson 2016). Vitamins regulate biochemical reactions in microalgae (Hakalin et al. 2014) and the growth rate of some microalgae species is highly dependent on some the vitamins such as cobalamin, biotin and thiamine (Tandon et al. 2017). However, the effect of vitamins on the growth, diversity, and productivity of microalgae has been poorly studied (Arif et al. 2019). The effects of different Nitrogen and phosphorus concentration as the main limiting nutrients on growth performance and biomass production of I. galbana and N. oculata had been evaluated previously (Andersen 2005; Zarrinmehr et al. 2020). However, there was not any report about effects of modifying the availability of culture medium sources of nitrogen and phosphorus. In the composition of the Walne medium, No3-, Po4-, and Cl- are considered as anions, and Na+, Mn+, Co+, Zn+, and Cu+ are considered as cations. Cations chelating anions and making them less available to microalgae. So, we hypothesize that changing the concentration of cations in the culture media, without increasing the concentration of N and P sources, will change the availability of anionic compounds for microalgae and consequently affects microalgal production and composition. Therefore, the effects of lower levels of cations including ZnCl2, CoCl2. 6H2O, (NH4)6Mn7O24, and CuSo4. 5H2O and higher levels of B1 and B12 vitamin in Walne medium on the growth rate, biomass production performance, chemical composition, and fatty acid profile of I. galbana and N. oculata, were investigated in this study. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different culture mediums based on the Walne medium on the growth rate, chemical composition, and fatty acid (FA) profile in I. galbana and N. oculata. This experiment was done in a factorial design with two culture media (Walne and modified Walne media) and two microalgae species, including I. galbana and N. oculata. The results showed that the modified culture medium increased total and daily fresh and dried biomass production of I. galbana and N. oculata. Modified culture media increased crude fat (CF) and crude protein (CP) content and total and daily lipid production in both the studied species. However, in both the studied culture mediums, N. oculata had higher growth and production performance compared to I. galbana. Modified growth media also affects the FA profiles of the studied microalgae species. Total saturated and unsaturated FA content was not influenced by the growth medium but modified media increased poly unsaturated FA (PUFA) at the expense of mono unsaturated FA (MUFA). Omega- 3 FA content (linolenic acid, Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) was increased as a result of the medium modification in both species. However, linoleic acid content was affected differently in I. galbana and N. oculata. The linoleic acid concentration was reduced in modified medium grown N. oculata but increased in I. galbana. Palmitic acid and stearic acid contents were also decreased in both of the studied species in the modified medium. This study develops microalgal cultivation using a modified Walne medium for higher CP, CF, EPA, DHA contents, the ratio of omega3: omega6 FA, and biomass production in N. oculata and I. galbana microalgae.

Background: Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite causes cryptosporidial diarrhea, which is typically a short-lasting benign infection, but can become severe and non-resolving in immunocompromised individuals. The aim of the present study was to de-terminate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in Livestock and humans that were in contact with Livestock in Hamadan district, Iran.Methods: In this cross sectional study a total of 660 fecal specimens were collected; 228, 195 and 237 from humans, whom raising Livestock, their calves and lambs/goats, respectively in spring 2012. Samples were concentrated by formalin-ether concentration technique and examined using cold modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining method.Results: Two (0.87%) out of 228, 25 (12.8%) out of 195 and 6 (2.5%) out of 237 fecal samples of humans, calves and lambs/goats were positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts, respectively. There was no significant relationship between the infection to Cryptosporid-ium and demographic variables of humans. However, Cryptosporidium infection rate was higher in diarrheic calves (OR=3.81; 95% CI: 1.30, 11.21; P=0.010).Conclusion: Despite studies conducted in some regions of Iran that resulted in a rela-tively high rate of infection in humans in contact with Livestock, our results showed low prevalence and low carrier status in the asymptomatic persons in Hamadan region. Be-cause the infection in calves and lambs/goats was relatively high, these animals could be probable reservoir of infection for humans in this area.

The study of ancient DNA (aDNA) is a rapidly evolving field within bioinformatics, offering valuable insights into the genetic diversity, migration, and evolution of past populations. Advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies have enabled the retrieval of genomic-scale data from archaeological and historical specimens, including subfossil remains. Bioinformatics tools are essential for processing this data, addressing challenges posed by the degradation of aDNA and recovering useful genetic and even epigenetic information. Key bioinformatics applications include sequence alignment, phylogenetic analysis, and identifying genetic relationships between extinct and extant species. These studies have broad interdisciplinary implications in fields such as archaeology, anthropology, human genetics, ecology, and evolutionary biology. aDNA research has contributed to understanding ancient diets, domestication processes, and microbiomes, with samples extracted from sediments, ice cores, and other environmental sources. However, challenges remain: aDNA is often fragmented and chemically altered, and a high proportion of sequenced DNA belongs to non-target species. Effective separation and identification of target DNA rely on tools like BLAST, Bowtie2, and BWA, and on microbial databases, despite their limitations. Furthermore, the preservation conditions, such as temperature, significantly affect DNA survival. Fossils like those of mammoths or Aurochs offer valuable material for genetic studies, though phylogenetic isolation, as seen in saber-toothed cats, can hinder comparative analysis. Nevertheless, ongoing technological progress continues to refine the understanding of ancient genomes.