Objectives: Effective assessment of tissue perfusion is highly important during Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG). Mixed venous O2 saturation (Svo2) is one of the best and routinely used markers of tissue perfusion. However, this method is costly and leads to considerable complications. Thus, the present study aimed to determine whether the Svo2 can be substituted with central venous saturation (Scvo2) and if there is any correlation between lactate level and Svo2.Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted on 62 patients scheduled for CABG. After induction and maintenance of anesthesia, blood samples drawn from central venous, pulmonary artery, and radial artery were used to measure Scvo2, Svo2 and serum lactate level respectively before and after Cardio Pulmonary Bypass (CPB). Pearson's correlation test was used to determine the correlation between Svo2 and Scvo2 as well as between Svo2 and serum lactate level. Besides, P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.Results: Overall, 62 Patients, 33 males (53.2%) and 29 females (46.8%) were enrolled into the present study. The most common coexisting illness was hypertension detected in 33 patients (53.2%) followed by hypercholesterolemia in 28 ones (44.4%). In this study, Svo2 was positively correlated with Scvo2 (r=0.63, P<0.001). However, no correlation was found between Svo2 and lactate (r=0.124, P=0.348).Conclusions: In summary, Scvo2 is considered as the best substitute of Svo2 for detecting tissue hypo perfusion during CPB. Although the lactate level had been considered as an appropriate marker of tissue perfusion and ischemia, it was not correlated to Svo2 during CABG.

Background and aims: Considering the conflicting results related to the resistance exercise-induced cardiovascular and inflammatory response, the present study was conducted to compare the effects of static and dynamic resistance training on some functional cardiovascular indices, plasma lactate and peripheral blood leukocytes in healthy untrained women.Methods: In a quasi-experimental design, twenty healthy untrained volunteers (Female, aged 20-25 years and BMI 20-25 Kg/m2) in two random homogeneous groups were participated in an exhaustive static (40% of maximum voluntary contraction) or dynamic leg press resistance exercise (40% one repetition maximum with 45 to 55 repetitions). Heart rate, blood pressure, rate-pressure product (RPP) along with plasma lactate and peripheral blood leukocytes counts were determined immediately before and after the resistance exercises. Data were expressed as mean (±SD) and analyzed by paired and independent t-tests at a£0.05.Results: Indices were significantly increased after the both resistance exercises (P<0.05). Moreover, the change range in heart rate, RPP (but not systolic blood pressure), plasma lactate and peripheral blood leukocytes counts of the static group were significantly higher than those of the dynamic group (P<0.05).Conclusion: According to the present findings, it can be concluded that the undesirable alterations in functional cardiovascular indices along with fatigue (plasma lactate) and inflammatory indicators (peripheral blood leukocyte counts) in the static resistance leg press are higher than those in the dynamic leg press. Therefore, the dynamic resistance exercise can be a more suitable method than static resistance exercise for development of muscular strength and endurance in untrained women.

Background: Management of patients with Gastrointestinal Bleeding (GIB) based on chronicity and severity of it can vary from outpatient medical therapy to intensive caring in life-threatening cases. Initial clinical management decision in patients presenting to emergency department with acute GIB is often based on identifying high-and low-risk patients. Patients with high risks of adverse outcomes, such as death or re-bleeding, are more likely to benefit from early, aggressive management, whereas patients with lower risks may be considered for early hospital discharge or even outpatient management. Serum lactate level is generally an indicator of the overall adequacy of peripheral oxygenation. In severe cases of acute GIB, the hemodynamic of the patients disturbs. In this study, we are evaluating whether higher serum lactate level is potentially a biomarker for predicting the future need for special management considerations. Methods: 168 patients with confirmed acute GIB have entered this study. The serum lactate level of participants was measured and documented as well as their demographic data and their medical history. The participants’ need for ICU admission, blood transfusion, emergent endoscopy, and mortality rate were documented and assessed prospectively. Results: Patients with higher levels of serum lactate levels were more admitted to the intensive care unit in the upcoming days. Anticoagulant use and abdominal pain prevalence were also significantly different in the study groups (p>0. 05). Other assessments were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Higher levels of serum lactate predict a higher probability of ICU admission in patients with acute GIB.

Objective: Removing plasma from the platelet concentrate (PC) medium could be an effective way to increase the safety of this product. The goal of this study was to compare PC stored in plasma or in an additive solution (Composol) with in vitro testing.Materials and Methods: Fifty-four single donor PCs were prepared from Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization (IBTO). Each PC unit was divided into two portions. Then in one of the portions, plasma was replaced with Composol. Sampling was carried out at the days 2, 4 and 7 from the preparation time. The levels of pH, glucose, lactate and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were analyzed by colorimetric methods.Results: The levels of pH and glucose were decreased during storage whereas the levels of LDH and Lactate were increased with time over. At the day 7 of storage, the mean values for glucose were 404.44 and 25.19 mg/dl in plasma and Composol, respectively. These values were 3306.1 and 683.33 U/L for LDH and 142.07 and 90.90 mg/dl for lactate. The differences between LDH, lactate, and glucose levels were significant between the two storage media of plasma and Composol (P-value<0.001).Conclusion: This study could imply the potential capacity of an additive solution as a candidate for plasma replacement in PC in vitro.

Background: Management of patients with Gastrointestinal Bleeding (GIB) based on chronicity and severity of it can vary from outpatient medical therapy to intensive caring in life-threatening cases. Initial clinical management decision in patients presenting to emergency department with acute GIB is often based on identifying high-and low-risk patients. Patients with high risks of adverse outcomes, such as death or re-bleeding, are more likely to benefit from early, aggressive management, whereas patients with lower risks may be considered for early hospital discharge or even outpatient management. Serum lactate level is generally an indicator of the overall adequacy of peripheral oxygenation. In severe cases of acute GIB, the hemodynamic of the patients disturbs. In this study, we are evaluating whether higher serum lactate level is potentially a biomarker for predicting the future need for special management considerations. Methods: 168 patients with confirmed acute GIB have entered this study. The serum lactate level of participants was measured and documented as well as their demographic data and their medical history. The participants’,need for ICU admission, blood transfusion, emergent endoscopy, and mortality rate were documented and assessed prospectively. Results: Patients with higher levels of serum lactate levels were more admitted to the intensive care unit in the upcoming days. Anticoagulant use and abdominal pain prevalence were also significantly different in the study groups (p>0. 05). Other assessments were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Higher levels of serum lactate predict a higher probability of ICU admission in patients with acute GIB.

Background: Dietary Supplements consumption among young athlete widely prevails regardless of well documented scientific proof of their effectiveness in improving exercise performance. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of seven days b-alanine (BA) different doses supplementation on blood lactate concentration after maximal exercise.Materials and methods: Twenty four male students selected from volunteers and randomly divided into three groups of BA supplementation (1: 3.2 gr/d; 2: 4.8 gr/d; and 3: 6.4 gr/d). Participants performed two Wingate test: before and after seven days supplementation (pre- and post-test). Blood samples (6cc) were taken before and after 6min of each Wingate test from median vein for blood lactate measurement. All three groups ingested BA supplement for seven days and stop it 48 hours before post-test. Significant change of blood lactate levels were assessed between and within three groups with one way analysis of variance (one way- ANOVA), and paired t-test (p£0.05).Results: Results showed non-significant changes in blood lactate levels after seven days of different doses BA supplementation (p>0.05).Conclusion: Based on our finding, it seems that short term BA supplementation did not affect blood lactate accumulation following short term maximal exercise test. Further scientific research with higher BA supplementation and longer lasting exercise with different intensity needed for clarification the effects of BA on blood lactate levels.

Background: Probably L-Carnitine can induce increasing of Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, decreasing of lactic acid production and performance improvements due to the reinforcement of long chain fatty acid oxidation and stabilize of Coenzyme A (CoASH) to free Coenzyme A (COA). Based on this, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of acute L-Carnitine supplementation on blood lactate, glucose, VO2max and anaerobic power in trained men.Methods: Sixteen trained men (aged 19-23) volunteers from University of Guilan, faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences participated as subjects in this investigation.Subjects divided to aerobic (A) and anaerobic (An) group randomly. In a double blind design, subjects participated in two separated tests by one week. Subjects ingested 3 grams of L-Carnitine supplementation or placebo (maltodextrin) 90 minute before aerobic and anaerobic exercise. For aerobic activity used shuttle run 20 meter and for anaerobic activity used RAST test. Blood samples were collected 5 minute prior at rest and 4 minute post tests. Participants were asked in the morning to obtain fasting blood samples and perform tests. A t-test was used to detect differences between supplementation and placebo groups in each exercise.Results: L-Carnitine group ((A) 141.25±20.62 and (An) 145.38±55.47) significantly had lower lactate concentration than placebo ((A) 151.00±20.85 and (An) 152.50±28.59) after tests (P£0.05). L-Carnitine group ((A) 136.00±19.74 and (An) 115.50±13.64) had significantly higher blood glucose compared to placebo ((A) 121.62±15.65 and (An) 110.12±12.63) too (P≤0.05). Also, VO2max, mean and maximum anaerobic power in L-Carnitine group were significantly more than ones in placebo (P<0.05).Conclusion: These findings indicate that acute oral supplementation of L-Carnitine can induce fatigue decreasing and improvement of aerobic and anaerobic performance.

Background: Considering the need of athletes to reach normal conditions and prepare for the next activities, the methods of removing lactic acid and reducing the heart rate are very important. The need of athletes to recover and to prepare for the next activities, methods of disposal lactic acid are important. Method: The purpose of this study was to compare of active and passive recovery after one exhausting exercise (Bruce) in blood lactate and heart rate in male runners. 26 healthy elite men were selected and then randomly divided in two groups of 12 men in active and 14 men in passive group. Before exercise, lactate acid and heart rate were measured, then each runner performed Bruce test so that he became exhausted completely then immediately and after 10 minutes lactate acid and heart rate measured again and analyzed by repeated measures test (p>. /05). Results: Results show that lactate acid and heart rate increase significantly immediately after exercise (p<. 05). Changes 10 minutes after active and passive recovery decrease than after exercise but still increased significantly than before exercise. Conclusion: Finding of this study showed that active recovery after an exhaustive training session causes significant

Background and aims: There is fairly scarce information about the effects of zinc, an essential trace element, on exercise performance. Studies concentrate mostly on the distribution of this element in the body in response to exercise. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of exhaustion exercise on the testosterone levels and plasma lactates in road cyclists who are supplemented with oral zinc for 4 weeks.Methods: In this semi experimental sixteen male road cyclists, who were healthy in the first evaluation were selected from the Tehran traffic team and were divided into two groups according to mass body index; zinc group and control group. After 4 weeks zinc supplementation (30 mg/day), blood samples were collected from each subject before and after an exhaustive exercise bout. Data were analyzed by independent and paired sample t test.Results: Total testosterone, free testosterione and lactate levels in two groups were increased by exercise (P<0.05) and there was no significant differences between total testosterone and lactate levels in two groups before and after exhaustion exercise (P>0.05). There was a significant difference between effects of exhaustion exercise on free testosterone levels between two groups (P<0.05).Conclusion: According to this study, zinc supplementation has no significant effects on testosterone and lactate levels in response to exercise in subjects with a balance diet. However, free testosterone levels were increased by exercise after zinc supplementation.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate how exhaustion exercise affects testosterone levels and plasma lactates in road cyclists supplemented with oral zinc and selenium for 4 weeks.Materials and Methods: Twenty-four male road cyclists volunteers, were selected from the Tehran Traffic team, and based on BMI were divided into three groups; the selenium, zinc, and controls. The status of zinc and selenium in subjects was assessed at baseline. After 4 weeks of supplementation free, total testosterone, and lactate levels of all subjects were determined before and after exercise. Data was analyzed according to repeated measures ANOVA, and the Bonfferoni post hoc test, with a significance level of P<0.05.Results: Resting total, free testosterone, and lactate levels did not differ significantly between groups, and were increased by exercise (P>0.05). Total testosterone levels in the Zn group were higher than in the Se group after exercise (P<0.05). Free testosterone levels in the Zn group were higher than the other groups (P<0.05). There was an insignificant difference between levels of lactate in the three groups after exercise (P>0.05).Conclusion: According to this study, 4-week selenium and zinc supplementation had no significant effect on testosterone or lactate levels of subjects who had a zinc and selenium sufficient diet. Zinc supplementation increased levels of total testosterone in contrast with selenium group, and also increased free testosterone versus the other groups, whereas there was no change in the levels of lactate in the three groups post-test.