As exaggeration is one of the inevitable devices in describing the warfare scenes, unlike habits or supernatural habits are the integral pillars of epic poetry. Supernatural habits in this paper consist of heavenly forces, earthly forces, human factors and magical affairs studied in Shahnameh and in several religious epics such as Heydari attacks of Bazel Mashhadi, Heydari attacks of Raji Kermani, Khavarannameh and Alinameh. The themes of this epic device are more pronounced in Shahnameh which was composed under the influence of the ancient culture of Iran than its counterparts in religious epics and in reverse, the frequency of earthly forces, human factors and magical affairs in Shahnameh are more striking.

Oral habits are learned patterns of muscle contraction and have a very complex nature. They are associated with anger, hunger, sleep, tooth eruption, and fear. Some children even display oral habits for release of mental tension. These habits might be nonnutritive sucking (thumb, finger, pacifier and or tongue), lip biting, nail biting and bruxing events. As these habits can result in damage to dentoalveolar system, hence, dentists play a crucial role in giving necessary information to parents. This information includes relevant changes in the dentoalveolar system and the methods to stop oral habits. Also, a dentist is required to treat the ensuing malocclusion.

The quality and quantity of sleep is mainly based on sleep habits. Improper sleep habits are hazardous for health and wellbeing even in adulthood and after that.So, to determine the prevalence of sleep habits and the relations between these habits and factors suchas age, gender, parental education, stress and sleep disturbances, a cross sectional study was conducted with the participation of 900 children between the age of 6-11. The CSHQ questionnaire was the tool for data gathering and both mothers and children filled it up.According to the findings daytime sleepiness with the score of (13.67±2.77) was the most prevalent habitant the need to be awakened by the parents was the most prevalent behavior (86%). There were significant relations between some habits and age, gender, parental educational level, parentral interrelationship and their sleep disturbances (P<0.05).To sum up, it is recommended that the authorities deeply look at the sleep habits of children and the disturbances related to their sleep. And alsc, the researchers suggest similar studies on children of other ages.

Objectives: Parafunctional habits, as one of the etiological factors of temporomandibular disorders (TMD), are an individual’ s response to increased stress. During stress and depression, biomarkers such as cortisol and salivary alphaamylase (SAA) are secreted in the saliva. The present study aimed to investigate whether there is a correlation between salivary stress biomarkers and parafunctional habits. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two cases, from May to September 2015, were selected based on two standard stress questionnaires, namely the depression anxiety stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Saliva samples were collected to examine the level of unstimulated salivary cortisol and SAA. The significance of the results was assessed via student’ s t-test and Mann-Whitney test (α =0. 05). Results: The mean concentrations of cortisol and SAA in unstimulated saliva were significantly higher in the case group than in the control group (P=0. 01 and 0. 44, respectively). The mean scores of anxiety, stress, and depression were significantly higher in the case group than in the control group (P<0. 05). Conclusion: It seems that the levels of salivary cortisol and SAA, as well as stress, anxiety, and depression scores, are higher in patients with parafunctional habits.