This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of ration fermentability on ruminal protozoa population during different hours after feeding. Fifteen hybrid Ghezel*Arkhar-merino male lambs were fed experimental rations. Experimental rations were contain different levels of barley grain and restaurant waste. Restaurant waste was substituted barley grain at the levels of 50 and 100 percent. Ruminal fluid was gotten from the lambs before and 2 and 4 hours after feeding. Rations fermentability was determined using gas production technique. The results showed that barley grain had higher fermentability (about 16%) than restaurant waste during 48 hours of incubation (341 vs 294 ml/g DM for barley grain and restaurant waste respectively). It also had higher constant of degradability (0. 107 vs 0. 099 for barley grain and restaurant waste, respectively). The rations containing restaurant waste resulted to higher pH and molar proportions of total VFA (P<0. 05). Total protozoa counts were highest and lowest for restaurant waste and barley grain before feeding (79. 5 vs 69. 4 ×104 for restaurant waste and barley grain, respectively). No differences in the protozoa count was found among the treatments during two hours after feeding, but restaurant waste containing ration resulted to the lowest and conversely barley ration resulted to the highest protozoa count four hours after feeding (56 vs 78. 5 × 104 for restaurant waste and barley grain rations, respectively). It seems that higher fat content and lower pH of ration containing restaurant waste are the main causes of lower protozoa count, so more attention should be take place when high levels of restaurant waste is used in the ruminants ration.

Background and objectives: Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd. ) is an annual plant considered as pseudocereals and belongs to the family Chenopodiaceae. Quinoa has excellent properties as low water requirement for growth, resistant to drought and salinity and nutritional good quality, which are the reason for the great interest. With increasing import of Quinoa seeds to IRAN, its planting is under development and soon will be produced a large amount of Quinoa crop residues. There is very limit information about nutritive value and digestibility of Quinoa crop residues. The objective of this study was to determine nutritive value and digestibility in two genotypes of Quinoa crop residues. Materials and methods: Complete Quinoa plant from two genotypes of Sjama and Sjama Iranshahr were harvested from an experimental farm. The plants were dried in the shade and then the seeds were separated. The sample of two genotypes of Quinoa crop residues were used for determine of chemical composition, fermentabiliy, ruminal degradability, ruminal and post-ruminal dry matter (DM) disappearance. Results: There is no different in concentration of chemical composition including crude protein (CP), ether extract, crude Ash, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber between two genotypes of Quinoa crop residues. The gas production after 24 h, potential of gas production (b), rate of gas production (c), metabolisable energy and short chain fatty acid were not different across two genotypes of Quinoa and were similar to values in alfalfa hay. The amounts of ruminal and total tract DM disappearance were lower (P<0. 01) for Sjama genotype than Sjama Iranshahr genotype, while the post-ruminal DM disappearance was similar in both genotypes. Furthermore, rapidly degradable DM fraction (a), slowly degradable DM fraction (b) and rate constant of degradation of the b fraction (c) were lower (P<0. 01) for Sjama genotype than Sjama Iranshahr genotype. Conclusion: The concentration of CP in two genotypes of Quinoa crop residues were determined about 13%, which is higher than cereal straw and other residues of agriculture crops. On the other hand, coefficients of DM degradability were suitable and the values of total tract DM disappearance were about 55-60%. In general, these findings indicated that Quinoa crop residues can be used as a new feedstuff for provide nutritive requirement of ruminants.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd.) is an annual plant considered as pseudocereals and belongs to the chenopodiaceae family. Quinoa has excellent properties as low water demand, resistant to drought, salinity and nutritional quality, which are the reason for the great interest in IRAN. The objective of this study was to determine nutritive value, fermentabiliy and digestibility of 10 genotypes of quinoa crop residues (Titicaca, Red Carina, Gizal, Q12, Q18, Q21, Q22, Q26, Q29 and Q31) in a completely randomized design. In the hardening stage of quinoa seeds, complete quinoa plants were harvested, were dried and then the seeds were separated. The quinoa straw samples were used for determine of chemical composition and fermentabiliy parameters via gas test production method. The concentration of chemical composition were different between different genotypes of quinoa straw. The range of variations were for dry matter between 92.44 to 94.29%, crude protein 3.53 to 11.0%, organic matter 84.25 to 89.65%, ether extract 1.20 to 2.30%, crude ash 9.90 to 15.59%, neutral detergent fiber 57.60 to 72.40%, acid detergent fiber 35.60 to 43.20% and nitrogen-free extract 9.41 to 18.09% and these difference between genotypes were significant (P<0.01), except of DM. The 24h gas production, potential of gas production (b), rate of gas production (c) were different between straw quinoa genotypes (P<0.01). The gas production in Red Carina, Q18, Q26 and Q29 genotypes were higher than other genotypes and (b) parameter in Gizal, Q18, Q26 and Q31 genotypes were higher than other genotypes (P<0.01). Furthermore, the digestibility of organic matter and metabolisable energy in different genotypes had range between 33.30 to 39.39% and 4.88 to 5.97 J/g, respectively (P<0.01). In general, the results have shown that the concentration of CP in Red Carina, Q12, Q18, Q21, Q22, Q26 and Q29 quinoa straw is higher than cereal straw and other agricultural residues and can be used as a new protein feedstuff for provide nutritive requirement of ruminants, especially ewes.

The aim of this research was to compare the nutritive value of straw from two varieties (Shiraz and Pishtaz) and two lines (C-79-15 and M-79-7) of wheat in order to select the superior variety and line. The heads were removed from the bushes of wheat and samples of straw were analyzed for botanical fractions (leaf, stem and node) and chemical composition. Fermentability of the samples was determined with gas test method. The results showed that variety of Shiraz contained less stem and more leaf and nodes compared to Pishtaz. No difference was observed between the two lines in percentage of leaf and stem but percentage of node in line of M-79-7 was higher than that of C-99-15 (9.02 vs. 7.62). Shiraz variety contained less Neutral Detergent Fiber and Crude Fiber as compared to Pishtaz (78.00 and 44.33 vs. 75.60 and 41.60 percent respectively). Results of gas production showed that the two varieties and their botanical fractions were not different in total gas production. Similar results were observed for the two lines except for 48, 72 and 96 hours of incubation. Results showed that chemical composition and fermentability of straw from the two varieties and two lines were similar and therefore no difference was observed in nutritive value between the two varieties and lines. Since ratio of straw to total plant in variety of Shiraz and line of M-79-7 was higher compared to another variety and line, they were chosen as superior.

Corn is the most important component of concentrate feeds in livestock which due to climate change and reduced rainfall, its price is always increasing and therefore the use of affordable corn waste, it seems necessary. After corn processing and starch extraction, by-products including corn germ, fiber and gluten are produced which are rich sources for ruminant nutrition. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition, fermentability, digestibility, ME and MP for corn fiber and corn gluten feed. Samples of Corn processing residues including germ, fiber and corn gluten feed were obtained from a company and the samples were transferred to the laboratory of Animal Science Research Institute of Iran and they were milled. Then the chemical composition, gas production and digestibility were measured. Gas production was measured using a mixture of rumen liquor from three fistulated  bulls (Taleshi cow) for different fermentation times, including 2,4,6,8,12,16,24,48, 72 and 96 hours of ruminal incubation. Also, ME, MP and DMI of Corn processing residues were obtained. Amount of Organic Matter, Crude Protein, Crude Fat, NDF, ADF, NFC and starch in corn fiber were obtained 89.3, 14.0, 3.3, 10.7, 70.2, 14.7 and 3.5% respectively; in corn germ were obtained 98.4, 9.4, 52.1, 1.6, 27.3, 9.9 and 10.7% (in order) and in corn gluten feed were obtained 94.9, 20.6, 3.5, 5.1, 53.1, 17.6 and 8.5 %, respectively. The gas production (at 24 hours of fermentation) of corn fiber and corn gluten feed were measured 37.7 and 61.5 (ml/200mg), respectively. The ME content of corn fiber and corn gluten feed were calculated 6.2 and 11.6 (MJ/Kg), respectively. OMD of corn fiber and corn gluten feed were measured 67.1 and 80.2%, respectively. The MP content of corn fiber and corn gluten feed (at maintenance level) were calculated 13 and 15.5 (g/Kg) in order. Dry matter intake (DMI) of corn gluten feed on cow, sheep and goat (at maintenance level) were obtained 4226.3, 1102.4 and 932.5 (g/KgW0.75) respectively. Due to the suitability of fermentability and digestibility of gluten corn feed, it seems this wastes is useful for feeding livestock. Corn gluten feed can be used as a substitute for the fibrous part of the ruminant diet. In general, the use of processed corn waste can reduce the cost of feed production in ruminants.

Potato dry matter is mainly composed of starch, which can be used in animal feed due to its high available energy. This study aimed to improve the quality of potato silage using wheat straw and additives containing Lactobacillus. This study was conducted in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 3 repli-cations: 1-Potatoes without additives, control, (PS), 2-Potatoes mixed with wheat straw (90: 10 ratio on a fresh basis) (PWS), 3-Potatoes inoculated with SiloOne additive (including Lactobacillus buchneri, Lacto-bacillus plantarium, Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactic acid pediococcus and multi-valent enzyme), (PLS), 4-Sliced potatoes with wheat straw (90: 10 ratio on a fresh basis) and SiloOne addi-tive (PWLS). The samples were stored in laboratory silos for 60 days at a temperature of 25 degrees Cel-sius. According to the results, there was a significant difference between the treatments in terms of pH, dry matter (DM), ash and insoluble fiber in neutral and acidic detergents. The addition of wheat straw reduced the loss caused by silage effluent and increased dry matter (DM) recovery (P<0. 01). The lactic acid concen-tration of inoculated silages (PLS and PWLS) was greater than non-inoculated silages (P<0. 01). The lowest concentrations of acetic acid and propionic acid were observed in the treatment with wheat straw in the absence of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (PWS) (P<0. 05). Concentrations of valeric acid and iso-valeric acid were not affected by wheat straw and inoculation with LAB (P>0. 05). The results of this study showed that ensiling potatoes with a wheat straw reduces silage effluent losses and increases DM recovery. But the fer-mentation quality and aerobic stability of PWS were lower than PS. However, LAB inoculation improved the fermentation quality. The use of wheat straw along with LAB inoculation increased the ratio of lactic acid to total volatile fatty acids (VFA).

This Research was conducted in 2007 at Animal Science Research Institute of Iran in order to study the effect of steam pressure on nutritive value of Palm date leaves under various contrrolled conditions of time (120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 secondes) and moisture (30, 40, 50 and 60 perecent) with pressure of 20 atmosphere using a completely randomized design factorial model with three replications. The chemical composition, in vitro gas production and in situ degradability of cell wall were significantly influenced by different levels of moisture and reaction time and also their interactions (P<0.05). The content of lignin increased considerably because of lignin like productions compared with other cell wall constituents. Steam treatment also increased water soluble carbohydrate content from 4.85% (control) to 8.05 (50% moisture-240 seconds) but decreased with prolonged processing time. Total extractable phenolics increased considerabley from 3.61% (control) to 5.99 (40 moisture and 300 seconds). Increased harshness of treatment resulted in dry matter loss. The greatest amount of dry matter loss was related to sample inclusion 30% moisture and treated 360 seconds. NDF content also decreased. however it was increased in some of the treatments with harshness of treatment. The content of ADF increased significantly as compared with the control. Finally the samples treated under 40%-180 (moisture-reaction time) was considered as the selected treatment because of the highest amount of gas production from in vitro gas test method.

Background and aim: One of the destructive effects of climate change is the reduction of precipitation and global warming which is leading to shortage of water resources. Therefore, it seems necessary to introduce water-resistant plants that are resistant to heat and drought (as sources of new forage plants). In this regard, the cultivation of dehydrated and drought-resistant forage (such as new cultivars of amaranth) was on the agenda. There is little information about the silage formation and nutritional value of forage of new Amaranth cultivars (in hot and humid Golestan province). The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics of silage, fermentability, digestibility, energy and metabolizable forage protein of three new cultivars of amaranth cultivated in Golestan province. Materials and Methods: Forage of three new Amaranth cultivars including Laura, Sim and Kharkovsky. They were grown on a research farm Arqi-mahaleh in Golestan province and harvested at the time of flowering. These forages were chopped into pieces of two to four centimeters and mixed with a weight ratio of five percent molasses and five percent wheat straw. They were stored in silage in 10kg buckets. After 45 days (in the laboratory of the Animal Science Research Institute), the silos were reopened. Sensory evaluation and silage properties of experimental treatments, were measured. Then chemical compounds including dry matter (field and silage), crude protein, crude ash, crude fat, soluble sugar, were analyzed. Gas production test (by Menke and Steingass method) using ruminal leachate of three cows (by ruminal fistulation) and at different fermentation times including 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 hours were done. Digestibility, determination of energy and metabolizable protein (in a completely randomized design with six treatments in three replications) was performed. In final, metabolizable energy and protein as well as daily dietary intake of experimental treatments, were obtained. Results: Dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, neutral detergent fiber, water soluble carbohydrate and non-fiberous carbohydrates in forage silage of Laura cultivar were 23.0, 18.8, 0.97, 21.2, 30.5, 2.5 and 28.6 percent, respectively In Laura forage silage, total sensory evaluation, flag point, ammonia nitrogen (mg), acetic acid (mg), lactic acid (mg), propionic acid were 15.8, 7.78, 4.4, 18.4, 0.45 And 1.15 respectively. Gas production in silos of Laura, Sim and Kharkovsky cultivars (during 24 hours of rumen fermentation per 200 mg) were 45.3, 43.9 and 42.1 ml, respectively. Dry matter and organic matter digestibility in forage silage of Laura cultivar were 66.5 and 70.2 percent, respectively. The amounts of digestible energy, metabolizable energy, net energy and digestibility (dry matter, organic matter and organic matter in dry matter) of fodder and silage of Laura cultivar were higher than the other two cultivars. Relative forage value, relative nutritional quality and feed ratio (g / day / kg body weight during maintenance) in amaranthus silage (Laura cultivar) were 122.3, 108.0 and 43.8, respectively. Conclusion: Laura forage silage has better silage characteristics and crude protein, gas production, higher digestibility, higher protein and metabolizable energy, as well as relative forage value, relative feed quality and better-feed intake. This silage had a better quality for ruminant nutrition than other silage experimental treatments.

The effect of phosphorus supplementation to ammoniated rice straw was studied. Thein vitro experiment was carried out following the first stage of Tilley and Terry method. The treatments consisting of four diets were A=50% ammoniated rice straw+50% concentrate (control), B=A+0.2% phosphorus (P) supplement, C=A+0.4% phosphorus (P) supplement, and D=A+0.6% phosphorus (P) supplement of dry mat-ter. Completely randomized design was used as the experimental design with differences among treatment means were examined using Duncan’s multiple range test. Variables measured were total bacterial and cellulolytic bacterial population, cellulolytic enzyme activity, ammonia (NH3) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations, as fermentability indicators and synthesized microbial protein, as well as degradability indicators including dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and cellulose. The results indicated that fermentability and degradability of diets consisting ammoniated rice straw with P supplementation were significantly higher than the control diet (P<0.05). It is showed that P supplementation is important for rumen fermentation and growth of rumen microbes. Overall supplementation of phosphorus at 0.4% of dry matter to ammoniated rice straw shown best results in terms of rumen fermentation, microbial protein synthesis and in vitro degradability.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different heating treatments (Autoclaving, roasting, steam flaking and Microwave irradiation) on chemical composition, anti- nutritional compounds (tannin and phenolic), in situ dry mater (DM) and crude prate in (CP) degradability. Three fistulated bull in a complete randomized block design and in vitro gas production kinetics (complete randomized design, 3 different runs, 3 replication for each of treatments) pre cleaninig chick pea wastes were used. Unprocessed and wastes (control) had DM (g/100 g), CP (%DM) and ash (%DM) content of 89.2, 26.1 and 2.26, respectively, in situ DM and CP effective degradability (g/100 DM & CP, respectively, k=0.02), digestible OM (g/100 g) and microbial protein yield (g/kg DOM) was 65, 79.5, 52 and 62.7, respectively. Heat treatments significantly (P<0.05) reduced soluble protein fraction, resulted in lower QDP, microbial protein yield and the higher amount of protein passing into the small intestine in compare to control group. Microwave irradiation had higher efficiency in reduction of tannins and phenolic compounds and lowest effective protein degradability was belonged to autoclaved materials. Roasting had higher efficiency in reducing QDP, without negative effects on OMD and ME estimates. According to the obtained results, cost and availability of processing, roasting is the best of processing method to reduce the rate of protein degradation in the rumen. In vivo experiments are needed for more evaluation of processing efficiency and economical values of chick pea pre cleaninig wastes in ruminants’ nutrition.