In this research, mantle flour and elderberry kernel were used to increase the nutritional properties and fiber of ice cream. Elderberry mantle and core were separately converted into flour, added to ice cream at levels (2, 1, and 3%) and its physicochemical properties such as: viscosity, aurran, colorimetry were investigated and the best treatment was determined during the sensory evaluation. The physicochemical results of ice cream containing elderberry flour (shell and core) showed: increasing the percentage of elderberry core and mantle caused a decrease in pH. The lowest pH value was related to the sample containing 3% kernel flour and the highest pH value was related to the control sample. The highest amount of viscosity (1327.5 centipoise) was related to the treatment of 3% elderberry mantle flour and the lowest amount was related to the control sample. The highest specific weight (1.15) was related to the treatment of 2% and 3% of elderberry mantle flour and the lowest amount was related to the control sample. Also, the highest coefficient of volume increase was observed in the control sample (38.97%) and the lowest overrun was observed in the sample containing 3% of Sanjad mantle flour. With the sensory evaluation, the treatment containing 2% elderberry kernel flour was more acceptable than other treatments.

The herbs Garlic, Elderberry, Black Seed have acknowledged therapeutic use in traditional medicine. With their immune-effective compounds, they are of much application in the traditional treatment of infections; the present study attempts a comparative investigation of the roles of the aforementioned herbs in the immune system and blood proteins. In this paper, the mice of the Balb/C genus were divided into four groups: control, 1, 2, and 3. which received 50, 100, 200 mg/kg of garlic, elderberry, and Black Seed extracts, respectively. The extract was injected using the inner peritoneum (IP) method every other day for 20 days. At the end of the experiments, blood samples were taken to conduct a count of white blood cells and an Electrophoresis of blood proteins. The results were evaluated through SPSS (Duncan test) at a P<0.05 level. The analysis indicates that Black Seed and garlic extract were able to increase the number of white blood cells. While Black Seed gave rise to the amount of white blood cells and also caused the Albumin, alpha-1 and alpha-2 proteins and the A/G ratio to increase, garlic was effective in raising alpha-1 and gamma globulin levels. This is in contrast with elderberry, which plays a significant role in decreasing the gamma protein’s density. The two herbs, garlic and Black Seed, impressed the immune system through changing the density of such blood proteins Albumin, alpha-1, alpha-2 and altering the number of white blood cells; whereas the result suggest no significant effect in the case of elderberry.

In order to study germination characteristics and early growth of Portulaca oleracea, under different treatment of Walnut (W) and Elderberry (E), Two separate experiments were carried out in a factorial arrangement a Completely randomized with three replications over a farm season (1396). Treatments included Walnut and Elderberry hydro-alcoholic extract in concentrations of 0, 20, 60 and 100%. Results of the analysis of the variance of the laboratory and the greenhouse showed that the Walnut and Elderberry hydro-alcoholic extract had a significant effect on all the characteristics, So that the highest inhibitory effect was observed in 100% Walnut and 100% Elderberry. comparison of the average data from the experimental section showed that with increasing the the Walnut and Elderberry hydro-alcoholic extract in the experimental section germination percentage, germination speed, root length, stem length, fresh and dry weights, and indices of Portulaca oleracea seeds vigor index were reduced compared to witnesses. comparison of the average data from the greenhouse segment showed that with increasing the concentration of the extract stem length, Stem dry weight, Root dry weight, Number of leaves plant, Number of roots in the plant, photosynthesis pigments such as chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids increased significantly and proline increased. Also, the growth of the  roots of the plant has a significant decrease in its meaning. which resulted in a decrease in the dry weight and dry weight of the Portulaca oleracea. according to the results obtained in this study Walnut and Elderberry hydro-alcoholic extract at a concentration of 100% concentration can be used to control Portulaca oleracea

Background: Alzheimer’, s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease which adversely affects memory and learning skills. Currently, there is no disease-modifying therapeutic approach for AD. Aim: A growing body of literature suggests elderberry as a promising remedy for neurological disorders. This study investigates the therapeutic effects of the elderberry diet on amyloid beta-induced (Aβ, ) rat model. Methods: Initially, Alzheimer’, s model was generated by Aβ,administration followed by the treatment of elderberry diet. Then, short term spatial memory was assessed. Stereology was also performed for the evaluation of density of neurons and dark neuron in the hippocampus. Results: The findings showed that the administration of the elderberry diet in an Aβ,model of Alzheimer’,disease improved memory and learning function and prevented the degeneration of hippocampal neurons. Conclusion: Overall, the findings imply that the elderberry diet attenuates the Aβ,-induced degeneration and improves memory performance. As such, the elderberry diet could be used as a therapeutic procedure for Alzheimer due to its neuroprotective effects.

Previous studies have shown antiviral effect of Echinacea and elderberry preparations against human influenza viruses in vitro. To investigate the in vivo antiviral effect of these herbs on avian H9N2 influenza virus, amantadine and two standardized commercial extracts of Echinacea purpurea (EF) and Sambucus nigra (SAM) were used in broiler chickens infected with H9N2 strain of the virus. EF, SAM and amantadine were added to drinking water of chickens in different groups for 7 days starting 8 h after intranasal inoculation of the challenged virus and in prophylaxis group of EF for 10 days starting 5 days before the challenge time. During post infection (PI) days, titer of the virus in tracheal mucosa and faeces were quantified using quantitative real-time PCR. The untreated challenged group showed the highest faecal and tracheal titer of the virus on day 3 PI. The virus was not detected in negative control group during the course of the experiment. Prophylaxis administration of EF considerably reduced the faecal titer of the virus in all days PI. Although overall titer of the virus in the tracheal samples was low, treatment with amantadine and SAM apparently reduced quantity of tracheal positive samples in comparison to untreated and EF-treated groups. This study indicates that using Echinacea and elderberry extracts in chicken can reduce H9N2 virus shedding from trachea and faeces.

Colorado potato beetle is one of the most important insect pests of potato plants. Frequently and prolonged use of chemical pesticides for controlling this pest, has caused environmental pollution, pest resistance to pesticides and destruction of natural enemies. Some herbal extracts are more degradable and relatively safer than most of the synthetic insecticides and can be used as suitable alternatives in integrated management of Colorado potato beetle. In this study, the effects of leaf extracts of Juglans regia, Sambucus ebulus, Artemisia annua, Satureja sahendica and Salvia sahendica were studied on 2nd instar larvae of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata in laboratory conditions at 26 ± 2 ° C, 55± 5% RH and a photoperiod of 16: 8 (L: D). Potato leaves were treated with 0. 625, 1. 25, 2. 5, 5 and 10% concentrations of the plant extracts using leaf-dipping method. Control leaves were dipped in either methanol or distilled water only. Each treatment consisted of 20 up to 24 h old 2nd instar larvae and had three replicates. Mortality of the larvae was recorded 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after treatment. The results showed that extracts of Juglans regia, Satureja sahendica and Artemisia annua were more toxic to 2nd instar larvae of the Colorado beetle than Salvia sahendica and Sambucus ebulus. Ninety six hours after treatment, 10% concentration of J. regia, S. sahendica and A. annua caused 93. 33, 91. 67 and 73. 33% mortality and 5% concentration of these extracts caused 58. 9, 100 and 48. 2% mortality in Colorado potato beetle larvae, respectively. As expected, the mortality decreased with decreasing concentrations. According to the high mortality percent, especially in high concentrations, the extracts of these plants, can be used as potential botanicals for integrated management of Colorado potato beetle.

Elderberry, Hippophae rhamnoides is a valuable plant with medicinal, food and soil conservation applications, but its traditional propagation is limited due to problems such as genetic heterogeneity of seeds and difficulty in rooting cuttings. This study aimed to systematically optimize the in vitro micropropagation protocol to increase the efficiency of producing uniform and high-quality nursery stock of this plant. Optimization was performed in three main stages of establishment, propagation and rooting using nodal explants. The results showed that in the establishment stage, the use of Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with half strength of macroelements along with 1 mg L-1 benzylaminopurine (BAP) had the best results, resulting in 92% survival and 83% initiation of branching. In the propagation stage, the combination of 2 mg L-1 BAP with 0.2 mg L-1 auxin naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) in complete MS medium produced the highest propagation coefficient (6.7 lateral branches per explant) and the highest quality branches without the problem of vitrification. At the rooting stage, the rapid immersion method for 30 seconds in 1 mg L-1 auxin indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) solution and then transfer to hormone-free medium was superior to continuous cultivation in auxin-containing medium, with 87% rooting and formation of healthy and branched root systems. Incorporating these optimal conditions into an integrated protocol resulted in a significant increase in overall efficiency. The final propagation rate increased from about 1 seedling per explant in the basic protocol to more than 5.36 seedlings. Also, the time for each complete micropropagation cycle was reduced to 4 weeks. The seedlings obtained from the optimized protocol had excellent morphological vigor, which was confirmed by their 93.3% survival rate during the adaptation phase in the greenhouse. This optimized protocol provides an effective tool for mass and clonal production of superior elderberry genotypes.