Objective: Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium. E coli O157:H7 is an enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) strain of the bacterium Escherichia coli and a cause of foodborne illness. Infection often leads to bloody diarrhea by producing a toxin called Shiga toxin, which damages the intestines, and occasionally leads to kidney failure, especially in young children and elderly people. A 2241 bp fepA gene of E.coli O157:H7 codes for production of a ferric enterobactin binding membrane protein that is essential for iron uptake by the bacterium. Inhibition of iron uptake can protect invasion of host by the bacterium. In this study we attempted to evaluate immunogenicity of the membrane protein, FepA.Materials and Methods: In order to produce recombinant FepA protein, the genomic, fepA gene of 2241 bp long was amplified by PCR from E coli O157:H7. The PCR product was ligated to pET28a. The recombinant protein was then expressed in E. coli BL21DE3 by IPTG induction. SDS-PAGE analysis was carried out and the recombinant protein was purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. The purified recombinant protein was injected to Balb/C mice in order to induce immunity. Antibody titer was determined by ELISA. Results: The recombinant protein of 85 KD was produced and purified. Immunogenicity of the recombinant protein was determined by injecting Balb/C mice. The antibody produced therein could efficiently recognize and bind ferric enterobactin binding protein, thus heaving mice tolerance of 106LD50. Conclusion: With a view to the significant recognition by the antibody of ferric enterobactin binding protein, the notion of its application in restriction of ENTEROBACTERIACEA propagation could be feasible.

Background: Water is a vital liquid which is contaminatied by multiple biological agents such as; parasites, fungi, viruses and bacteria. The Enterobactriaceae, especially E.Coli are the most important indicator of fecal contamination of water. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ENTEROBACTERIACEAe in drinking water of the wells in Romeshkan town.Material and Methods: 160 of 2.5 liter water samples were collected and quickly transferred to the laboratory under the desired temperature then were concentrated by passing through a 0.45 µm filter. Then the bacteria were differentiated by culture in Macconkey medium and the grown single colonies were cultured on other differentiate media.Results: 18 (%11.25) of the drinking water of the wells were contaminated with E.Coli which in most cases accompanied with other Enterobactoaceae such as; Enterobacter, Citrobacter and Klebsiella. These contaminations had significant relationship with distance between sewage wells and damaged lids of wells.Conclusion: Although the contamination rate was lower than some previous studies, but according to standards of WHO, it is very high. It is suggested that authorities apply pipetting before wells waterborne diseases become epidemic.

Background: Diarrhea is the leading cause of children mortality in developing countries. According to the WHO published reports, each year 12 millions children are died due to different diseases, of which 5 millions are died due to diarrhea. Bacteria play important role in diarrhea through variable mechanisms. One of the leading causes of food borne intoxicationis is the heat-stable enterotoxins produced by certain number of ENTEROBACTERIACEA. ELISA, Gene Probe, and Suckling Mouse Assay (SMA) are used to assess heat-stabl enterotoxins.Materials and methods: 1081 food samples were evaluated for ENTEROBACTERIACEA in this cross sectional study.Results: Of 1081 food samples, 265(24.5%) have revealed to be infected by ENTEROBACTERIACEA. A total of 203 contaminating bacteria which were members of ENTEROBACTERIACEA [including E-coli (102), Enterobacter (44), Klebsiella (30), Cytrobacter frondi (27)] and previously reported to have the ability of producing heat-stable enterotoxins were studied by SMA method. Among these, 14 starins were shown to be positive for heat-stable enterotoxins production.Conclusion: With respect to the relatively high prevalence of enteric bacteria-related enterotoxigens, further investigations over food processing are strongly recommended.

Introduction: Extracts of leaves from Camellia sinensis L contains polyphenolic components with antimicrobial activity. In this investigation biofilm inhibitory effects of black and green tea extracts were defined for five members of ENTEROBACTERIACEA family including: Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumonia and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Because tea is the most widely drunk beverage in Iran, therefore investigation of its effects on enterobacterial biofilm formation and colonization is very important.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study after extraction of samples with Soxhlet extractor in water/ methanol solution, further extraction took place in Ethyl acetate phase. The extracts preserved in 4oC refrigerator after sterilization by 0.44 m filters. Well diffusion (Kirby Bauer) and broth dilution methods were used for evaluation of minimum inhibitory concentration of biofilm formation in black and green tea extracts treated cultures. Evaluation of biofilm formation was assayed by observation of colony forming unit of cultured bacteria per milliliter by sampling from Erlenmeyer flask wall scratching onto Tripticase soy agar medium and comparing the results with controls. Analysis of data was done using analysis of variance.Results: Biofilm inhibitory effects of black tea were greater than green tea. The concentration of 4.5 mg/ml of black tea and 5mg/ml of green tea had bactericidal effects against examined bacteria. On Mueller Hinton agar, Proteus mirabilis was more sensitive to black tea; EPEC was more sensitive to green tea and Klebsiella pneumoniae showed more resistance to both extracts.Conclusion: Due to the fact that gastrointestinal tract is directly affected with consumed beverage, the high concentration of tea entered in lumen can reduce the number of ENTEROBACTERIACEAe and can reduce their carcinogenic amine products. Thus it plays an important role in inhibition of gastrointestinal lymphoma and colon carcinoma. Also application of tea polyphenols as a food preservative can be useful.

Background and Objectives: Carbapenem-resistant ENTEROBACTERIACEAe (CRE) infections are extremely difficult to treat and have a high fatality rate. The study's primary goal was to determine the rate of ceftazidime-avibactam susceptibility using disc diffusion and E-Test, as well as to evaluate the agreement between the two methods. Materials and Methods: A total of 124 multidrug-resistant (including carbapenem) Escherichia coli and Klebisella pneumoniae isolates were included. Kirby Bauer's disc diffusion and E-test were used as the testing methods in this study. Results: In this study 37.5% and 33.9% of the isolates were susceptible to ceftazidime-avibactam by E test and Disc diffusion respectively. There were five isolates which produced discordant results. Among the 56 isolates there was 91% agreement between the two methods. Conclusion: Among the discordant isolates the alarming disparity in zone size was a significant concern. Since CRE infections are very common, an economical and practical method for testing ceftazidime-avibactam susceptibility is needed in all the clinical microbiology laboratories as it is a last resort drug.

Background and Objectives: Antibiotics resistance has recently increased. The aim of this study was the evaluation of antibacterial efficacy of Aloe vera carrier produced in microemulsion system in comparison with ordinary antibiotics against some ENTEROBACTERIACEA. Materials and Methods: The aquatic extract of Aleo vera was produced by the Soxhlet method and a nonocarrier in the microemulsion system was prepared by two emulsifiers. The clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella enterica, Shigella dysenteriae, Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Paratyphi, Serratia marcescens, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Citrobacter freundii and Morganella morganii were obtained from patients and were identified by microbiological methods. Diffusion disk was used for evaluation of antibacterial properties in comparison with selected ordinary antibiotics. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) for tested materials were determined using MTT in the Micro Broth dilution method. Results: The results proved that effect of carrier on studied isolates is dependent on concentration level. The inhibitory effect of carrier in concentration of 15 μ g/ml by 18 mm zone of inhibition for Klebsiella pneumoniae was comparable to Ceftazidime and Cefalothin. The lowest MIC and MBC determined by the Microbroth dilution method with MTT belonged to Klebsiella pneumoniae as 0. 1 and 3 μ g/ml and higher concentrations belonged to Enterobacter aerogenes at 7 and 15 μ g/ ml. The greatest effect of carrier of Aleo vera aquatic extract was observed for Klebsiella pneumoniae and the lowest effect belonged to Enterobacter aerogenes, Citrobacter freundii and Morganella morganii. Conclusion: It was concluded that the carrier of Aloe vera produced in microemulsion system was most effective and had equal effects in comparison with ordinary antibiotics against ENTEROBACTERIACEA.

AbstractBackground: Onychophagia, commonly known as nail biting, is considered a compulsive behavioral disorder primarily observed in children and adolescents. Nail biting behavior leads to an increased presence of various opportunistic microorganisms in the oral cavity. This study aimed to investigate the association between nail biting and mental health in children aged 10 to 16 years. It further compares the load of ENTEROBACTERIACEAe in nail-biters and non-nail biters.Methods: A case control study was conducted on 50 nail biters (cases) and 50 non-nail biters (controls). Data were collected by using convenient sampling technique from school going students aged 10 to 16 years, using pre-designed and self-administered questionnaires, the Massachusetts General Hospital-Nail Biting Questionnaire (MGH-NBQ) and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) as well as saliva samples taken and tested for bacterial growth. All ethical issues were taken into consideration. SPSS v23 was used to analyze the data using descriptive statistics to calculate the mean and standard deviation. The independent t test was used to compare mean SDQ scores between nail biters and non-nail biters. P-values<0.05 were considered statistically significant.Results: Among the 50 cases, 44 (88.0%) of the students had positive ENTEROBACTERIACEAe growth, while 13 (26.0%) of thecontrols did not. Nail biters had considerably higher mean scores for emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity, and peer problems than non-nail biters (P value<0.001). All of the SDQ domains and nail biting were found to have a statistically significant (P=0.05) association.Conclusion: The study highlights the persistent and burdensome nature of nail biting, which poses risks in terms of disease transmission. Additionally, nail biting has been associated with various behavioural and emotional disorders. Awareness of the harmful consequences of nail biting, along with appropriate preventive and treatment approaches, can assist young individuals in discontinuing this habit.