Wheat yellow rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. titici, is one of the most important and most destructive diseases of wheat in many parts of Iran, which decreases crop yield in epidemic years. Host Resistance is the most economical method for the management of yellow rust and partial Resistance (a type of quantitative Resistance), proven to be more durable than other types of Resistances. In this study, partial Resistance parameters including coefficient of infection (CI), final disease severity (FDS), relative area under disease progress curve (rAUDPC) and apparent infection rate (r) were evaluated in a set of twenty-four wheat genotypes along with susceptible control during two crop years from 2015 to 2016. The research was conducted at Allarough Agricultural Research Station in Ardabil, under natural and artificial inoculation conditions. Artificial infection of genotypes was performed using the yellow rust race population having virulence for Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr9, Yr17, Yr22, Yr22, Yr23, Yr24, Yr25, Yr26, Yr27, Yr26, Yr27, Yr21, Yr21, Yr31, Yr32 and YrSU Resistance genes. Seedling response was also evaluated under field conditions. The evaluation of Resistance parameters showed that six lines were resistant at both seedling and adult plant stages. Eleven lines showed Resistance reaction at seedling stage, but moderate or susceptible reactions at adult plant stage. Seven lines (entries; 1, 4, 7, 8, 9, 16, 22) were susceptible at the seedling and had moderate (MR, M or MS) reactions at adult plant stages. Therefore, these lines having low values of different Resistance parameters are likely to have varying degrees of partial Resistance or high temperature adult plant Resistance (a type of non-specific or durable Resistance). Cluster analysis based on the reaction of seedling and adult plant, divided the lines into different groups, which also indicated a high diversity of lines in response to yellow rust disease.

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are the most common causes of mortality in the world. Increased blood pressure is one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Decreasing blood pressure due to exercise can reduce the risk of cardiovascular incidents. Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of exercise on blood pressure, heart rate and rate pressure product.materials and methods: To evaluate the effects of intensity and volume of Resistance exercises on the post-exercise cardiovascular responses, 10 young untrained non-athletic men (age: 22±0.8 years; height: 173.05±2.4 cms and weight: 67.2±3.4 kgs) participated in this study as the subjects. The subjects performed four exercise bouts in a randomized order. Each bout consisted of five exercises: arm curl, hamstring curl, squat, seated lat pull-down and bench press. The exercises were determined to be performed at three sets: SHORT volume of LOW 40% 1RM (SL) and HIGH intensity 80%1RM (SH) and at six sets: LONG volume of LOW 40% 1RM (LL) and HIGH intensity 80% 1RM (LH). Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and rate pressure product (RPP) (product of HR and systolic BP) were measured before the exercise (baseline) and at the ten-minute intervals within 90 minutes after each exercise. Then, the data were analyzed using two way ANOVA repeated measures and LSD post-hoc tests.results: Systolic BP was found to be Affected by the volume and intensity of exercise and became lower during 10 to 60 minutes after the exercises (P<0.05). However, Diastolic BP was not altered after the exercise bouts. HR was increased in 30 minutes after LL and SL, and within 60 minutes after SH and LH exercises (P<0.05). In contrast, after SH and LH, RPP was increased over a period of 50 minutes.Conclusion: The intensity and volume of Resistance exercises do not influence the magnitude and duration of post-exercise hypotension. Also, HR and RPP post-exercise are not affected by the Resistance exercise volume.

For development of parental pollinators of sugar beet resistant to powdery mildew disease, a rather resistant 14442 population was used. Based on the Resistance index, 50 resistant plants were selected to produce half sib families (H.S.F). After open pollinating between these 50 plants, seeds of H.S.F were harvesed. Among these 50 plants, 39 plants produced enough seed. This H.S.F were planted in one raw plot with six replications and evaluated for disease Resistance in the next year. Three H.S.Fs (H.S.F13, H.S.F24 and H.S.F35) with high level of Resistance were selected. These three families were expressed to selection 150 roots were selected to produce next half sib families. Among these 150 families, 88 roots produced enough seed. In the next cycle, 88 new H.S.F were evaluated for disease Resistance and three H.S.Fs (H.S.F5, H.S.F17 and H.S.F22) with high level of Resistance were selected. From each H.S.F, 35 roots were selected to produce S1 lines. In the cage, among 105 roots, only 13 plants produced enough seed. 13 S1 were evaluated again for disease Resistance in the next year. Low level of infection (12.9 %) was observed in the S1 lines. Therefore, selection in the 14442 population for powdery mildew Resistance was very effective, and the plants selected in this method showed 72.6 % selection progress. Because of the high Resistance of the S1 lines, they could be used to develop powdery mildew resistancte varieties.

Background: Acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) is the most common form of acute leukemia in adults. One of the major problems in this disease is the emergence of leukemic blast cells that are resistant to anticancer drugs. This phenomenon is termed multidrug Resistance (MDR). One cause of the MDR is the expression of the MDR1 gene and its product, P-glycoprotein (Pgp). In this study, we tried to inhibit the MDR phenotype with MDR1/mRNA/Pgp in the leukemic cells using short interfering RNA (siRNA) and two nano particles as non-viral vectors.Methods: The Pgp expressing cell line was established from a parental K562 cell line with increasing concentration of doxorubicin and named KDI/20. In order to reverse the MDR phenotype due to pgp expression, siRNA against MDR1/mRNA was synthesized. siRNA was used on the KDI/20 cells in combination with two nano particles as non-viral vectors: (1) Fugene 6 transfection reagent (cationic lipid) and (2) polyethylenimine (cationic polymer). The effect of these complexes was assessed at the cellular level by flowcytometry (for Pgp detection) and molecular level by Real Time-PCR.Findings: The result showed 79% reduction in Pgp by siRNA /Fugene 6 and 86% reduction in the Pgp by siRNA/PEI at the cellular level in flowcytometry. Also 62% reduction in the MDR1/mRNA by siRNA /Fugene 6 and 74% reduction in the MDR1/mRNA by siRNA /PEI at the molecular level by Real Time-PCR.Conclusion: siRNA could be an efficient method in order to post transcriptional gene silencing and there were no significant differences between two nano particles in gene silencing in this study.

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the major pathogens causing burnt wound infection in hospitals. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of exoenzyme U (exoU) and exoenzyme S (exoS) genes and the antibiotic Resistance pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from burn patients' samples in Kermanshah City, Iran.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 194 samples were tested with conventional bacteriological methods. After evaluation of antibiotic sensitivity with disc diffusion method, specific primers were deployed to assess the frequency of exoU and exoS genes among isolates. The retrieved data were analyzed using SPSS software. Findings: From 91 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 72 (79.1%) were multi-drug resistant (MDR) isolates. The most prevalent antibiotic Resistances were against gentamicin (79.1%) and ceftazidime (74.7%); the most prevalent sensitivities were against colistin (100%) and polymixin B (92.3%). The frequency of exoU and exoS genes was 80.2% and 68.1%, respectively. There were significant relationships between the frequency of exoU gene and Resistance to ceftazidime (P=0.041) and cefotaxime (P=0.050).Conclusion: Considering the role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in burn wound infections and the role of cytotoxin and antibiotic Resistance genes in colonization and survival of this bacteria, avoiding home remedies, accurate detection of virulence factors, and recognition of antibiotic Resistance pattern among the isolates in order to choose the appropriate antibiotic regimen to prevent infection seem to be necessary.

Introduction: Liver is the main organ in the metabolic process of carbohydrates. Alterations in carbohydrates metabolism and diabetes mellitus (DM) are common in cirrhotic patients. For instance, Resistance to insulin is an important prognostic factor in liver cirrhosis. The aim of this study is to determine the incidence of diabetes and its effective factors in cirrhosis patients, as compared to the normal group. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 100 patients with cirrhosis who were admitted to Aria, Bahman 2nd and Shahrivar 17th Hospitals. The subjects were selected through simple random sampling. Based on the criteria adopted for this study, the patients were qualified to enroll in the study. Checklists were completed for the patients. The presence of DM on the part of the subjects was diagnosed either by having a history of DM and the use of anti-diabetic drugs such as glybenclamid and insulin, or FBS ³ 126 mg/dL at two times. Data analysis was performed using Pearson Chi-square and Fisher exact test.Results: Out of all patients 37 were females and 63 were males (Mean age 63.57 years). Prevalence of DM and IFG in these patients were much more than normal population (P<0.05). There were significant statistically relationship between sex (F>M) and age>60 years in diabetes and cirrhosis patients in compare with normal group (P<0.05). Family history of DM and severity of cirrhosis were also associated with DM (P<0.05). Among complications of cirrhosis, prevalence of DM was more in patients with encephalopathy and ascites.Conclusion: In this study, our findings indicate that cirrhotic patients are at the increased risk of DM occurrence. Female sex, age>60 years, family history of DM, severity of liver disease and presence of encephalopathy and ascites were associated with DM occurrence in these patients. The Regular screening for DM can be useful for early diagnosis and treatment of these patients.

Introduction: Steoporosis is currently one of the prevalent diseases. The effect of exercise on bone marrow density (BMD) has been documented for all age groups. The aim of this research was to compare the effects of endurance vs. Resistance trainings on local Bone Mineral Density (BMD) changes. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six volunteer female university students (age average: 22.58±1.56; Body Mass Index average: 22.85±2.17), with sedentary lifestyles, were selected and randomly divided to three groups (n=12 in each group). These groups were determined as: The endurance group who ran for 36 sessions on a treadmill over a period of 3 weeks at 70 to 80 percent of the maximum heart-beat rate. They were required to run for 40 minutes per session on the other hand, the Resistance group received 36 circuit training sessions at the rate of 70 to 80 percent of 1RM with 6 to 8 repetitions in 3 sets with 2 minutes of rest in between. The third group of the study was the control group.Results: Both the endurance and the Resistance training protocols induced significant increases in BMD in the areas of lumbar, neck and femur (P<0.05). However, the variation was more significant for the endurance group in the neck and femur while it was in the aerobic group where better effects were observed in the lumbar region (P<0.05). Conclusion: There was no considerable differences between the two modes of exercise (i.e. endurance and Resistance) in terms of the increase of skeleton’s local bone mineral density.