The relationship between exposures to Electromagnetic field (EMF) and human health is more in focus. Some studies showed the possible relation between exposure to EMF and cancer. The thyroid gland is one of the most exposed and vital organ and may be a target for any type of electromagnetic radiation; therefore, we studied histopathological effects of electromagnetic field (EMF) on the thyroid gland of rat. In this research, 35 healthy rats were used. The animals were divided to five groups, and then all animals were exposed to 2100MHz (4G) frequency for 0, 15, 60, 120, 180 min every day for a period of 70 days. The animals were euthanized by removing of blood from the heart then tissue samples were prepared from thyroid gland and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Mason trichrome (MT). Stereological studies were done by the Cavalier’s principle. Following the EMF exposure, a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the diameter of the thyroid follicles, heights of epithelial follicles and thyroid follicles volume were recorded in 180 min exposure groups.In the EMF exposure groups (120 and 180 min) histopathological effect observed include follicles with decreased colloid, congestion and increase of connective tissue. We also observed formation of apoptotic body that infiltrated inside of follicle and follicular cells with condensed nuclei under the exposure of EMF for120 and 180 min.We concluded that exposure of EMF (4G) for over 120 min for 70 consecutive days has histopathological and stereological effects in thyroid gland in rats.

Introduction: Humans knowingly or unknowingly are daily exposed to electromagnetic fields and today electricity is an integral part of life. Therefore, the present study was performed with aim to systematically review the studies on the effect of electromagnetic field on pregnancy and postpartum outcomes. Methods: In this review article, which was written based on the PRISMA guidelines, all cohort and case and control studies were searched from the databases of Magiran, Medlib, Web of Science, SID, Iran Medex, Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar with keywords of electromagnetic field, mobile phones, mobile phone base stations, watching TV, using Internet, pregnancy outcome, perinatal mortality, preeclampsia, childhood cancers, asthma in offspring, congenital defects, and behavioral and emotional disorders without time limit until May 2022. The quality of the studies was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa criteria. Content analysis was done qualitatively. Results: In this study, 477 articles were extracted. Then, 10 studies with a score of 6 and above were examined with the Newcastle-Ottawa criteria. A review of the evaluated variables in the articles showed that father's exposure to electromagnetic field has been associated with the risk of perinatal mortality, preeclampsia and congenital defects, and the mother's exposure was associated with the risk of asthma, amniotic fluid reduction, decreased motor skills, and delayed neurodevelopment of children. But the pregnant women's living in the vicinity of masts, high voltage cables and mobile phone base stations did not increase congenital anomalies, childhood cancers and behavioral and emotional problems (such as hyperactivity, inattention) in children. Conclusion: Contact of father or mother with electromagnetic waves during pregnancy can cause problems in pregnancy and their children. Therefore, it is recommended to control exposure to electromagnetic fields as much as possible.

Background: Our previous study determined the alteration in behavioral test-relatedmemory and movement in male rats exposed to extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF). Themolecular mechanism of the effect of ELF-EMF on brain damage of rat has not yet fully understood, thus the current study investigated the effect of ELF-EMFs on hippocampus of male rats by the proteomics approach. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 50 Hz ELF-EMF at 0. 5 and 1 mT 50 Hz for 2 and 4 weeks on male rats and determined protein expression of the hippocampus. Methods: Effects of 0. 5 and 1 mT exposures for 2 and 4 weeks on protein expression was determined via proteomics techniques. Statistical analysis of proteome was performed using the Progensis Same Spots software. Bioinformatics analysis based on network was used for determining the mechanism. Results: Two-DE electrophoresis gels determined the effect of ELF-EMF on rat hippocampus, indicating that protein expression was overall down-regulated by increasing ELF-EMF intensity and time. The detected differentially expressed proteins between the groups comprised of Sptan1, Dpysl2, Tpi1, Lap3, Vdac1, and Tppp. Almost all were cytoskeletal proteins, most of which were increased by intensity and time. These proteins attributed to impairment in short memory of hippocampus after exposure to ELF-EMF. The GO analysis based on network, enriched two important biological process, cytoskeletal neurons and metabolic process. Conclusions: This study determined the effect of ELF-EMF, which led to change in protein expression related to the cytoskeleton that contributes to major processes in brain damage.

Objective: Ginger has always been known as one of the most famous medicinal herbs in eastern Asia (China and India). In this study we examined the effects of antidepressants-like activity of Ginger on the protection of central nervous system against oxidative damages.Material and Methods: Male Wistar rats (n=30) were allocated into three groups, control (n=10) and test groups (n=20) that subdivided into groups of 2 that had been exposed to 50 Hz electromagnetic fields (EMFs) for 8 weeks, one of the test groups received Ginger rhizome powder (1.5 g/kg/day. Body weight) for 8 weeks as well. In the second and eighth weeks, we used forced swimming test in order to evaluate the antidepressant effect of Ginger powder on the rats exposed to EMF.Results: In the second week results revealed EMF exposure increase immobility but decrease loco-motor function of swimming and climbing in comparison to control group (P<0.05) whereas at the end of 8th week, rats that had been fed with Ginger powder (1.5 g g/kg/day .body weight) showed decrease in immobility score and increase in swimming (P<0.001), but not in climbing scores significantly. (P=0.18).Conclusion: Ginger powder could act as serotoninergic antidepressant medicine in order to decrease depression presentation in exposed subjects to EMF.

Aim: Electromagnetic field (EMF) is an unavoidable environmental factor for living beings which many investigations have been conducted to evaluate its effect. In this research the effects of EMF on vegetative organs, pollen development, pollen germination and pollen tube growth of Glycine max L. were studied.Materials and Methods: Exposure to EMF was performed by a locally designed generator which its electrical power was provided by a 220 V and 0.1 A, AC power supply.This system consist of a PVC cylinder with 20 × 20 cm (diameter and length) and 300 turn coil of copper wire. The structure of vegetative parts and reproductive organs was studied using common methods of cell – histology.Results: In the stem of treated samples collenchymas layers were increased and formation of xylem tissues was more rapid. In the leaves, spongy parenchyma tissue was deformed and numbers of trichomes were increased, in addition leaves and shoot development were delayed and the size of anthers was also decreased with the deformation of their cell wall. The numbers of pollen and tetraspore, decreased and they were also abnormal in shape. Under EMF treatment, the germination percentage of pollen was decreased and pollen tubes were helicoidal and short.Conclusions: Low intensity electromagnetic field may have effects on the structure of some organs and developmental characteristic of them in Glycine max L.

Objective: Everyday use of different types of electrical instruments and appliances has caused a large number of people to constantly be under the influence of electromagnetic fields. Materials and Methods: For the purpose of this study, 40 female rats were randomly chosen from among 3 months old rats from the animals’ laboratory and they weighed 20 + 200 g. Then, they were randomly divided into 4 groups; control (n = 10), experiment 1 (Ex1) (n = 10), experiment 2 (Ex2) (n = 10), and experiment 3 (Ex3) (n = 10). During the experiment, all 4 groups were maintained in the same conditions and received the same feeding. The experiment groups 1, 2, and 3 were under the influence of a 50 Hzelectromagnetic field (EMF) for 8 weeks. Subsequently, the second and third groups were kept away from the EMF effect for another 8 weeks. At the end of the study, after removal of the ovaries by glutaraldehyde, they were prepared for examination using an electron microscope. Group Ex2 rats were not sacrificed and were maintained in the normal laboratory environment for another 8 weeks away from the impacts of EMF. The rats were fed vitamin E(100 mg/kg) and fennel extract (1.5 g per body weight) every day orally and at the end of the second 8 weeks samples were taken. During the second 8 weeks, group Ex3 was kept in normal conditions without the use of vitamin E and fed fennel extract, and then, samples were taken. Samples were taken simultaneously from 10 rats of the control group and Ex1 group.Results: The results from the mitochondria in the ovary in the groups under the influence of electromagnetic waves indicated that this intracellular organ, compared to samples from the control group, was deformed and the majority of the organs were vacuolated. The mitochondrial vacuolization of the first to fourth groups were 1 ± 0.55, 9 ± 0.55, 6 ± 0.55, and 11 ± 0.55, respectively.Conclusion: Vitamin E and fennel extract can reduce the damaging effects of non-ionizing radiation with 50 Hz frequency on the ovarian follicles.

Background and Aim: It is known that prolonged exposure to low intensity electromagnetic field (EMF) is hazardous for biological systems. However, the effect of EMF on human being is controversial. Several epidemiologic and experimental studies have shown that EMF has a harmful effect on central nervous system of animals. Previous research works in our laboratory, using light microscopes have shown that EMF could produce morphological changes in Cerebellum. The aim of the present study is to investigate ultrastructural changes of Cerebellum in EMF-exposed rats.Materials and Methods: 30 wistar rats were exposed to 3 mT EMF for 4 hours/day in a period of 4 months. After the experimental period rats in control and experimental groups were killed and tissue samples from their Cerebella were prepared for electron microscopic studies. Statistical analysis was performed by means of SPSS software and Hest. p<0.05 was regarded significant. Results: The results of this study clearly demonstrated that the number and size of purkinje cells in EMF-exposed rats were decreased significantly (p<0.01). Other changes included: condensation of nuclei, dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum, vacuolization of cytoplasm, breakdown and disappearance of crista in mitochondria in the purkinje cells of Cerebellum. Conclusion: These findings indicated that long-term exposure to EMF had detrimental effects at cellular level on central nervous system of the rats.