The Shemshak Formation with a thickness of 2080 meters is well-exposed in NE of Jajarm city. In this study, palynolomorphs are identified for the first time and 50 terrestrial palynomorh taxa were identified, in which 29 species of spore allocated to 21 genera and 17 species of POLLEN to 13 genera. On the basis of stratigraphic distribution of palynomorphs three biozones were recognized and based on the above mentioned biozones the Rhaetian -Lower Bajocian age is suggested for the Shemshak Formation in Jajarm area.

POLLEN morphology of 10 Allium L. taxa growing in Iran, representing three subgenera and six sections, were investigated via scanning electron microscopy. POLLEN morphological characteristics indicated that POLLEN grains are monosulcate, heteropolar, and ellipsoidal. Polar axis revealed variation between 13. 84 and 20. 01 μ m while Equatorial axis ranged from 20. 4 to 42. 37 μ m. The forms of POLLEN grains were oblate, peroblate, and suboblate (mean of P/E ratio was 0. 43 to 0. 80). The aperture type and exine ornamentation were not homogeneous among the studied species. It was also observed that the sulcus extended from distal to proximal in two species of sect. Allium and one species of sect. Melanocrommyum. The exine was semitectate and the tectum was perforate. The variation in the main POLLEN characteristics in the investigated taxa allowed for recognizing two types of POLLEN grains in subg. Allium, Melanocrommyum and Amerallium: The first type had perforate rugulate trimming and high density of POLLEN perforations while the second type had perforate-striate-rugulate ornamentation and a low number of exine surface perforations.

Temperate fruits including small fruits, especially Strawberries are important fruit crops which mostly for fruit set needs the pollination of flowers and followed by pistil fertilization. Therefore, to achieve this act, POLLEN viability and its germination capability are essential. Examination of POLLEN viability and understand its quality is important. To optimize the POLLEN germination medium of Strawberry, an experimental was carried out with 9 types of culture medium containing different concentrations of boric acid (0, 25 and 50 mgL-1), sucrose (7.5, 10 and 15 %) and agar (2 %) in the In-vitro using random complete design with three replications. The results showed that maximum germination in combination medium B25S15 (25 mg boric acid and 15 % sucrose) with 87.66% germination was lowest germination medium in combination B0S7.5 (0 mg boric acid and 7.5 % sucrose) with 5.33% germination occurred. The viability of POLLEN Strawberry two months after maintenance at temperatures -20oC and -80oC showed that POLLEN stored at temperatures above maintain viability of POLLEN germination or no significant difference. Also, the results from POLLEN germination in selected culture medium showed that maximum POLLEN germination (83.93%) in laboratory condition was obtained and lowest POLLEN germination percentage in 10oC with 51.66 % occurred.

Aim: Electromagnetic field (EMF) is an unavoidable environmental factor for living beings which many investigations have been conducted to evaluate its effect. In this research the effects of EMF on vegetative organs, POLLEN development, POLLEN germination and POLLEN tube growth of Glycine max L. were studied.Materials and Methods: Exposure to EMF was performed by a locally designed generator which its electrical power was provided by a 220 V and 0.1 A, AC power supply.This system consist of a PVC cylinder with 20 × 20 cm (diameter and length) and 300 turn coil of copper wire. The structure of vegetative parts and reproductive organs was studied using common methods of cell – histology.Results: In the stem of treated samples collenchymas layers were increased and formation of xylem tissues was more rapid. In the leaves, spongy parenchyma tissue was deformed and numbers of trichomes were increased, in addition leaves and shoot development were delayed and the size of anthers was also decreased with the deformation of their cell wall. The numbers of POLLEN and tetraspore, decreased and they were also abnormal in shape. Under EMF treatment, the germination percentage of POLLEN was decreased and POLLEN tubes were helicoidal and short.Conclusions: Low intensity electromagnetic field may have effects on the structure of some organs and developmental characteristic of them in Glycine max L.

Considering the importance of citrus breeding programmers for releasing new cultivars to the citrus industry, the present research was carried out in order to explore the best method of POLLEN preservation and storage. Long-term POLLEN storage was sudied on POLLENs from matured citrus cultivars including Shell-Mahalleh, Yuzu, Troyer and Citromelo. Experimental design used, was a factorial design with two factors based on Randomized Complets Block Design with 3 replications. Factor one was 3 methods of storage (room temperature, refrigerator and freezing) and the second factor was 4 mentioned cultivars. In vitro viability test was performed on POLLENs after 7, 15,30,60 and 140 days storage at room temperature (+25 °c), refrigerator (+4 °c) and freezer (-18°C). Results based on analysis of variance of data showed significant differences at 1% level between the effects of treatments of storage methods, cultivars and interactions between two factors. Control treatment (fresh POLLEN) and 7 days storage treatment at freezer showed highest germination percentage (38.77% and 26.93% respectively) and classified in groups a and b respectively. In addition, among studied cultivars Shell-Mahalleh and Yuzu showed 18.94% and 15.49% germination and grouped in classes a and b respectively. Interaction effects of control x Shell-Mahalleh, control x Yuzu, 15 days storage in freezer x Yuzu and 7 days storage in freezer x Shell-Mahalleh showed 50%, 46%, 42% and 36% germination and located in groups, a, b, c and d respectively. Also results from 140 days POLLEN storage of Shell-Mahalleh cultivars showed 22.2%, germination in the viability test assay. Considering the amount of POLLEN germination decreased with prolonging of POLLEN storage period, this finding is very important in citrus breeding programs.

Among different plants products, apicultural products such as POLLEN grains are widely used as medicines and dietary supplements due to the presence of essential nutrients like amino acids, proteins, flavonoids and alkaloids. The amino acids in royal jelly (RJ) have a wide range of pharmacological and health-promoting functions in humans. The present study focuses on the determination of free amino acids (FAAs) in royal jelly, bee POLLEN and hydrolyzed bee POLLEN. The results obtained show that proline, lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine and β-Alanine were major free amino acids (FAAs) in RJ. It was found that eight free amino acids, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, Alanine, proline, tyrosine, methionine, leucine and isoleucine were present in bee POLLEN. It was found that three free amino acids, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and proline were present in all samples studied. Among all samples, it was observed that bee POLLEN of hydrolyzed with alcalase had maximum number (22) of free amino acids. Apart from these, certain other amino acids were also present in the royal jelly, bee POLLEN and hydrolyzed bee POLLEN samples, which could not be identified from the standard amino acids and were categorized as unknown.

In this research, POLLEN grains of ten species and two subspecies of the genus Hypericum in Iran belonging to four sections were studied using light and scanning electron microscopy. The POLLEN grains are monad, isopolar to subisopolar and heteropolar, prolate, subprolate, spheroidal and prolate-spheroidal in shape, small to medium in size. The outline of POLLEN grains varies from round to triangular, quadrangular and ovate from polar view and elliptical, tetrahedral, quadrangular, round and ovate from equatorial view; 3 and 4 syncolporate to 3, 4 and 6 zonocolporate. Based on exine sculpturing, pore shape, size and muri thickness, the examined species are divided in two main types including scrobiculate and micro reticulate and 2 subtypes including small pore / thick muri and large pore / thin muri. The pores are arranged from irregular to regular-irregular with regular intervals. The current result revealed taxonomically important palynological data of the genus Hypericum. These traits can be used for infrageneric classification, especially at sectional and species levels.

Genus Hesperis L. belongs to Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) family including 46 species in the world, of which seven taxa are distributed in Iran. POLLEN and seed macro-and micromorphological features of the Iranian taxa belonging to three sections, including sects. Hesperis, Diaplictos and Pachycarpos were examined for the first time using light (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Data analyses were performed using PAST (ver. 3. 14) software. The results showed that in Hesperis POLLEN grains are radially symmetrical, monad, isopolar, tricolpate and have a small size. POLLEN grain shape is elliptic to circular in equatorial view and circular in polar view. The exine ornamentation is reticulate in all studied specimens. Seed sculpturing pattern revealed two main groups based on the presence or absence of papillae. This study clarified that both POLLEN and seed macro-and micromorphological characters are significant features in taxonomic classification of the genus Hesperis. Unweighted Pair Group Method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) and Principle Component Analysis (PCA), strongly supported the sectional delimitation of taxa for most characters but not for seed qualitative characters. The results are mostly in agreement with the previous studies.

Abnormality of anther, the POLLEN number reduction and male sterility were stimulated under air pollution. Anther of Spartium junceum at different stages of development was collected from control (less polluted) and polluted areas (mainly SO, NO2, CO, HC, and Airborn Particulate Material, AAPM). Then structure of anther, walls and POLLEN were studied and compared. Groups of control POLLEN were exposed to Tehran polluted air at 10 and 20 days. Under polluted air, the anthers became abnormal and shrinked. The tapetum layer had a premature growth in POLLEN mother cell stage and a premature digestion at the tetrad stage. In some anther, POLLEN was fewer, smaller, shrinked and deformed compared to control. Exposure to gaseous pollutants caused collapse and thinning of the exine surface. Agglomeration of polluted particles on to pellen surface under humodity condition induced cellular material release. Protein content and SDS-PAGE patterns in polluted POLLEN did not show significant difference compared to control ones. Cytoplasmic material release increased in POLLEN collected of areas pollution.

Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) is a species particularly prone to erratic fruit set. Several causes such as POLLEN germination and POLLEN tube growth involve in this behavior. Therefore, POLLEN grain was collected from unopened-flowers of Shasti, Nasiri, Hosseini-e-Karimi, Nakhjavan, Shahroodi, Mirzaeai, 35 Shahrood, Shamsi, Noori, Ordobad and Gheisi- Isfahan apricot cultivars. POLLEN was stored in dissecator at 3-5oC. POLLENs were cultured in a medium including %15 sucrose, 100ppm boric acid and %0.6 agars in sterile petri dishes. The present research was conducted as factorial experiment based on CRD in 3 replications, with two factors: cultivar in 11 levels and counting time after culture in 3 level (10, 24 and 48 hours). POLLEN tube growth measured after 48 hour. The results were showed wide range of percentage of germination and POLLEN tube growth between cultivars. 24 hours was enough for obtain maximum germination. The range of germination was % 18.51-61.23 (mean % 48.28). There were significant differences between POLLEN tube growth of cultivars. The highest and the least POLLEN tube length were observed in 35-Shahrood (1278mm ) and Gheisi-Isfahan (717.9mm ), respectively. There was not any significant relationship between germination percentage and POLLEN tube growth.