The chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) test is the gold standard for detecting Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric carcinoma (GC). Real-time (RT) PCR method is also a sensitive test that can detect the viral load in samples. As such, three EBV oncogenes were investigated in this study. RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis were performed on GC tissues of nine patients, who were previously confirmed to have EBVGC subtype. In addition, 44 patients that had positive RT-PCR but negative CISH results were also included as the control group. TaqMan RT-PCR analysis was performed to determine the expression of EBV-encoded microRNAs, and the expression of EBV-encoded dUTPase, as well as LMP2A, was analyzed by SYBR Green RT-PCR. EBV-encoded microRNAs and LMP2A were identified in 2 out of 9 (22%) EBVGC subtypes. In addition, EBV-encoded dUTPase was detected in 4 out of 9 (44. 5%) EBVGC subtypes. EBV-encoded dUTPase was also expressed in a sample of the control group. The expression of LMP2A, EBV-encoded microRNAs, and EBV-encoded dUTPase viral oncogenes in patients with high EBV viral loads indicates that these expressions correlate with viral loads. Our findings indicate that the EBV-encoded dUTPase gene may have a role in EBVGC patients’,non-response to treatment and might be considered a Biomarker-targeted therapy.

Usual neurological complications of Epstein-Barr virus infection are aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, transverse Usual neurological complications of Epstein-Barr virus infection are aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, transverse myelitis, cerebellitis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, and cranial or peripheral neuritis most commonly in immunocompromised patients. These clinical manifestations may occur alone or accompanied by infectious mononucleosis. Usually, EBV encephalitis occurs infrequently and with non-specific symptoms. Herein, we report two patients: a 24-year-old female with generalized tonic-clonic fever and seizures for ten days. The other was a 28-year-old male with repeated fever, headache, 4-day amnesia, and symptoms of meningeal irritation. Since the physical examination results were not very helpful, the definite diagnosis was achieved by sampling, analysis, and polymerase chain reaction for the cerebrospinal fluid. Our patients had a direct EBV invasion of the CNS and were affected by Epstein-Barr virus encephalitis, confirmed by their clinical test results as a positive polymerase chain reaction of cerebrospinal fluid. The PCR results were negative for a panel of microorganisms that cause bacterial meningitis in the CSF, but positive for EBV. Image findings also did not show any significant results. Patients treated with acyclovir and precision control at the relative center with favorable outcomes. Acyclovir possibly will lessen viral replication. Finally, despite obtaining negative test results of EBV infection, every therapeutic effort should be undertaken and maintained continuous attention.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human γ-herpes virus that infects about 95% of the adult population. The majority of primary infections occurs in early childhood and is generally subclinical; it can cause infectious mononucleosis (IM), which is usually a self-limiting lymphoproliferative disorder. However, infection of EBV occasionally results in severe, often lethal diseases, which include fatal IM, hemophagocytic syndrome, polyclonal lymphoproliferative disorders, and malignant lymphoma. These severe EBV-related illnesses occur secondary to some primary immunodeficiency diseases showing inefficient immune reaction to EBV. One example is X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP), which is caused by mutations in the SLAM-associated protein (SAP) gene. The major clinical manifestations of XLP are fulminant IM, malignant lymphoma and dysgammaglobulinemia. Aplastic anemia, virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome, and vasculitis have also been reported in XLP. We have developed a flow cytometric method using the anti-SAP monoclonal antibody to search for XLP. This clinically useful assay has successfully been used to identify XLP patients in Japan. In this review, clinical and mutational characteristics of XLP in Japan are mainly described. In addition, it is shown that the similar situations to XLP can occur in other primary immunodeficiency's involving T-cell killing function, such as autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome caused by Fas gene mutations or familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis caused by perforin gene mutations. Finally, the EBV-related terrible disease condition, namely chronic active EBV infection, which is common in Asian areas but its genetic background remains to be elucidated, will be touched on.

The incidence of Hodgkin's Lymphoma (HL) shows marked heterogeneity according to age, gender, race, geographical state, socioeconomic position and histological subtypes. Recently, multiple studies in different countries have been applied by newer technologies such as Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), being more familiar with the pathogenesis of this neoplasm. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is detected with high incidence in HL cases, approximately 40-50% in developed countries and much more (up to 95% of cases) in developing countries. There is evidences that mixed cellularity (MC) Hodgkin's Lymphoma is more likely to be EBV-associated which is against association of nodular sclerosis (NS) subtype. With regard to the geographical location of Iran and absence of similar documented research in our knowledge, it is need to perform studies like this.Materials and Methods: This study was done by IHC method with antibody against latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1) antigen of EBV for assessment of relationship between EBV infection and parameters such as age, gender and histological subtype. We collected 30 paraffin section samples of classic HL and positive cytoplasmic reactivity of Reed-Steinberg (RS) cells was evaluated.Results: From 30 cases surveyed in this study only 2 cases were not immunoreactive for EBV marker of which both were NS subtype in two adult males. We confirm frequency of 93% EBV associated HL in our cases, and also confirm the above histological subtype distribution, and that childhood cases are more likely to be EBV-associated than adult cases. There is possible female predominance of EBV associated HL. This survey as a pilot study needs further studies with more cases for distinct confirmation.Conclusion: It seems that EBV is a strong etiologic factor especially in developing countries like Iran and in childhood cases.

Background and aim: An opportunist infection in patients diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) which causes serious complications. This study is conducted to examine the frequency of EBV in HIV/AIDS sufferers and compare it with non-sufferers and examine its correlation with the number of CD4+ lymphocytes.Methods: In a case-control, prospective study, two 114-member groups (patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus) of equal sex and age – one group suffering from HIV – were assessed for the presence of IgG antibody against EBV capsid virus and the number of CD4+lymphocytes and the results were analyzed based on the objectives of the study.Results: A total of 103 (90.4%) of HIV-positives and 37 (32.5%) of control group were tested positive for EBV-VCA IgG (p value = 0.001). The amount of antibody and the number of CD4+ lymphocytes were in a meaningful and reverse relationship (p value = 0.0003). There was no meaningless difference between the presence of EBV-VCA IgG antibody and the age and sex of patients, transmission of virus and receiving HAART anti-virus treatment (p value>0.05).Conclusion: Due to complications of acute EBV virus and its high frequency in HIV patients, these patients are strongly recommended to be examined for EBV infection after diagnosis in a bid to prevent more mortality and morbidity. Preventive actions and periodical checkups must be done for EBV-positives.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, particulary tumors endemic to the Far East, commonly harbors Epstein-Barr virus. The detection of nuclear antigen associated with EBV and viral DNA in NPC cells have revealed that EBV can infect epithelial cells and is associated with transformation. Human papilloma virus is an epitheliotrophic oncogenic virus that has been detected in a variety of head and neck tumors. This retrospective study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of EBV and HPV infection subtypes 6/11 and 16/18. in 20 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma by in situ hybridization. 16 case (80%) were classified as undifferentiated carcinoma (WHO type III) and 4 (20%) as non keratinizing SCC (WHO type II). According to AJCC (American Joint Committee of Cancer) system the clinical stage at presentation was available for 20 patients: 10% presented with stage I, 5% presented with stage II, 25% presented with stage III and 60% presented with stage IV. 55% of the cases presented with palpable cervical lymph node metastasis. In situ hybridization for EBER was performed with a fluorescien-conjugated PNA probe. EBER expression was detected in 19 of the 20 evaluated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (95%). Thyramid signal amplification of ISH was performed for HPV DNA subtype 6/11 and 16/18 with a biotinylated DNA probe. Two of 20 NPC (10%) contained HPV 6/11 sequences and two of 20 NPC (10%) contained HPV 16/18 sequences and combined EBV and HPV infection was detected in 3 of the 20 (15%) patients. In this study a high correlation of almost 95% was observed between EBV and NPC type II & III, in WHO classification. Combined EBV and HPV infection was detected only in 15% of patients. There seems to be a geographic difference in positive rates between our results and those obtained from high-risk area.