Due to the destructive effects of natural disasters and with this in mind that our community is vulnerable to natural disasters and hazards, special attention is needed for reducing the natural disasters and their effects. Most administrative policies are faced with physical interference problem while Community-based components are devoted a very great position in this field. In fact, the traditional approach focusing on retrofitting structure of city for crisis management, nowadays has challenges with real-world functions and needs other aspects of social functions which could finally provide increased levels of resiliency.DAVAM (Community Emergency Response Volunteers) is a new policy which has been implemented in recent years in the workframe of integrated crisis management relying on dimensions of social networks specific to crisis management. Findings of this research indicate that with the exception of solidarity index in DAVAM group, all other indices including responsibility, management method and organization indicators have a meaningful relationship with cognitive and behavioral components of crisis management.

Education is a continually developing activity, it shapes the way an individual develops their attitudes, thoughts and behavior. Education is not just about being literate but it is an overall development of the person in every aspect of their lives. A society's educational system can be greatly linked to its culture as the culture that one is in have an affect on the type of curriculum the institutions will develop in order to cater to every individual of that particular culture. Education moulds and shapes a society and it is influenced by the culture of the particular country or society. The educational system acts as a point of reference for the society's needs and demands. The principles that dominate this article is culture and education are interrelated and interconnected. Every educational paradigm is influenced by the culture of the society in which it operates. This essay underlines the extensive connection between culture and education. As a result, the goal of this essay is to depict these features from a Philosophical-Psychological approach.

Artifacts are ubiquitous and influential in our world, but their nature and existence are controversial. Several theories have been proposed to explain the ontology of artifacts. Drawing on Popper's theory of three worlds, this paper suggests a metaphysics for artifacts along the line of a critical rationalist (CR) approach. This theory distinguishes between three realms of reality: the physical world (World 1), the mental world (World 2), and the world of objective knowledge (World 3). The paper argues that artifacts have different ontological components that correspond to these three realms, and that each component is real and causal. The paper shows how this perspective can account for the intentional and functional aspects of artifacts, as well as their dependence on plans that influence different realms of reality. The paper explains how this pluralistic ontology, compared to the rival theories, enables one to explain the relevant ontological problems of artifacts. The paper also explores how this proposal can lead to a research program encompassing a broader range of technologies, such as social artifacts. In sum, the paper suggests that Popper's three worlds theory provides a rich and comprehensive framework for understanding the metaphysics of artifacts.

ckground: The role of society and people in disaster risk management is prominent.However, using this potential and increasing the people’s role have always been a challenge.The purpose of this study was to find Community-based management challenges in disaster risk reduction.Materials and Methods: This study was conducted with the qualitative approach and in the form of content analysis. Participants were selected purposefully and by snowball sampling out of 17 professors and managers in the field of incidents and disasters. Data were recorded and collected through semi-structured interviews. The records were transcribed and then analyzed.Results: Results included 2 main themes of egocentrism and management helplessness (failure) and 5 main categories, including inadequate attention to the nature of the risk reduction process, inadequate community resilience, ignoring social capital, inadequate planning and training, and incorrect organization, as well as 13 subcategories.Conclusion: Firstly, managers should accept the community as a major hub of the process to harness the power of community. Secondly, using capable and trained managers familiar with the concepts, literature, and challenges in the field of disasters increase participation of people in disaster risk management.