Due to the social nature of man, urban spaces such as squares are considered to be the most important manifestations of social nodes in urban life. While these squares take historical forms, they have such special place and time significance that cognitive documentation of this phenomenon as a major pillar of urban spaces can be used to qualitatively identify squares and public realms that are the foundation of social interaction. In order to have the knowledge of their morphological evaluation to express design principles, consulting with urban design experts is a must. The traditional evaluation of the urban square, due to its specific qualitative dimensions, was considered as a qualitative judgment which often had a high error rate in the survey, so the majority of the studies, generally, are qualitative and based on pure analysis. The purpose of the current research is the phenomenological recognition and qualitative analysis of urban space. Using a combination of several methods, first, the field element in the quality recognition matrix and the six Wolfrum criteria as well as sixteen urban squares were selected from the European cities, In the first stage, by means of Human Subjective Evaluation and Normalized AccumulatedQuality Graph Output, the numerical value was accumulated and then analyzed using the Automatic Geography Evaluation method. Finally, examining the correlation of these two methods led to the qualitative measurement of these urban elements. First, the selected ones were evaluated through HSE method analysis and NAQ extraction primary evaluation about human approach oriented was done. Second, using the AGE method in the analysis, the researchers evaluated the next step of that up to geometrical automotive and correlation between them. The results of the present study showed that this urban element had many dimensions to be quantitatively extracted. Last, all of the models for evaluation of square qualities in this study are considered the primary step to help the researchers have a functional standard draft while designing.

2Background and Aim:  Children under five years are susceptible to being infected by Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) pathogens. Therefore, the main objective of the present research is to study the epidemiology and the etiology of AGE among children in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods:  In this retrospective study, multiplex PCR was used to detect the gastroenteric viruses, including RoVA (Rotavirus A), NoVGI (Norovirus Group I), NoVGII (Norovirus Group II), HAstV (Human Astrovirus), EAdV (Enteric Adenovirus), and HEV (Human Enterovirus) in 92 stool samples collected from pediatric children aged ≤7 admitted to hospitals in Al-Ahsa province in Saudi Arabia, during December 2021 to June 2022. Results:  Out of the 92 samples tested, 63 (68. 4%) showed positive results, indicating the presence of at least one gastroenteric virus infection. RoV group A was the most detected virus at 54%, followed by HAstV at 27%, EAdV at 22. 2%, NoVGI at 9. 5%, and HEV at 6. 3%. Gastroenteric virus mono-infection was much higher than co-infection, at 79. 3%. Children in the age group (1Y-2Y) were the most infected with viral AGE at 41. 3% compared with other groups. Male children were more infected than females at 38%. The main viral AGE symptoms revealed in all positive children were diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, and fever, with rates of 100%, 95. 2%, 92. 1%, and 81%, respectively. Conclusion:  Results demonstrated that the prevalence of gastroenteric infections among children is relevant and should be considered by the national health authority. This study is the first work conducted in the province of Al-Ahsa in Saudi Arabia. It could improve epidemiological and etiological data on children's AGE in the province

Background: The non-enzymatic glycosylation (NEG) of proteins in diabetes damages both the structure and function of these proteins. In vivo and in vitro studies have shown that NEG of proteins and advanced glycosylation end-products (AGE) contribute to the pathogenesis of both macrovascular, such as atherosclerosis, and microvascular complications, such as retinopathy and nephropathy, in diabetes. Methods: We studied the electrophoretic mobility, fluorescence at isoelectric pH, and time-dependent AGE formation of glycosylated albumin. For the first time, we have used isoelectric focusing to study serum glycosylated albumin in diabetic patients and healthy controls. Results: After 10 weeks incubation with glucose, the electrophoretic mobility of glycosylated albumin increased 21.3% compared with normal albumin. The isoelectric pH of albumin decreased from 4.6 on day 1 to 4.1 on day 7. The increase in electrophoretic mobility was accompanied by the drop in pH during the first week of incubation. These changes correlated well with those observed by fluorescence. The glucose content of the albumin samples decreased during the first week of incubation, but gradually increased thereafter. Fluorescence readings agreed with these observations. Using isoelectric focusing, there was a significant difference between the serum albumin of diabetic and normal individuals (p<0.001). Conclusion: Increased electrophoretic mobility during the first week with a simultaneous decline in isoelectric pH shows that AGE formation begins after the first week. The reduction in glucose concentration during the first week and its subsequent increase during the second week may be attributed to the formation and hydrolysis of AGE. This method may be used to determine the stability or progress of diabetes.

Flowing the Uruguay Round negotiations (1986-1994), the World trade system has evolved. On the basis of agreements of this round, World trade organization (WTO) members have been obligated to decrease tariff obstacles, non-tariff restrains and trade supports. The use of trade liberalizing policies (tariff obstacles and nontariff. restrains) by members and observing countries has had significant impacts on different economic sectors. Iran's tariff and non-tariff restrains are the main obstacles fur joining the WTO. In second and third development programs the Iranian Government has adapted the trade liberalizing policies such as tariffs reduction and elimination of non-tariffs; but the complete joining needs revising tariffs and non-tariffs restrains.In this study, we surveyed the Impacts of Iran joining the WTO on employment and value-added through designing the Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Model and using SAM Matrix (2001, 1380). With solving the model in GAMS software, we found that decreasing, tariffs would increase employment and value-added of .Natural Resources Based Industries) including oil and gas, mines, and chemical industries, and would decrease services and agricultural activities. In all, the findings of the current study indicate that total employment would decrease significantly if iran joins WTO.

Background & Aims: Today, diabetic nephropathy is considered to be one of the most common causes of end stage renal disease. Uncontrolled hyperglycemia, and consequently, production of advanced glycation end products activate pathways which play key roles in diabetic nephropathy. Among these pathways, high expression of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and transforming growth factor beta (TGFb) are notable. In this study, in order to find compounds which can prevent the incidence or progression of diabetic nephropathy, we examined the effects of glycine and lysine amino acids on expression of RAGE and TGFb in kidney tissue of diabetic rats.Methods: After rendering rats with diabetes with streptozotocin (STZ), they were divided into different groups and were treated with oral 1% glycine and 0.1% lysine in drinking water for 12 weeks. Blood glucose and serum AGEs were measured during this time. Changes in RAGE and TGFb expression were assessed by semi quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method.Results: Results show that both glycine and lysine administration for 12 weeks not only caused a significant reduction in blood glucose and AGEs in diabetic rats, but also led to a significant reduction in RAGE and TGFb expression in comparison to non-treated diabetic rats.Conclusion: These results show that oral glycine and lysine, as chemical chaperones, have the ability to prevent diabetic nephropathy by decreasing RAGE and TGFb expression. This may be due to the effect of these chemical chaperones in the reduction of hyperglycemia and serum AGEs in diabetic rats. Since the positive effects of these amino acids in diabetic nephropathy have been observed in previous studies, the determination of their dose in future studies seems necessary.

Background: Constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP) is one of the most common problems in pediatrics. It causes a lot of psychological and social disorders in families. Currently, there are a variety of therapies including administration of testosterone enantate, oxandrolone and growth hormone available.The aim of this study, which has been performed for the first time in Iran and the second in the world, was to compare the effect of oral iron in combination with vitamin A with that of oxandrolone in promoting height growth and bone age of children with CDGP. HSDS, WSDS, BMI, SMR, bone age and serum IGF-1 levels were used as milestones of such improvement in this study.Methods: This clinical trial was performed on 85 CDGP boys. After registration of personal identities and taking blood, urine and stool specimens, to rule out probable underlying diseases and interfering factors, children were divided into three groups including a control group, those treated with oxandrolone and those treated with oral iron and vitamin A. Data were transferred to SPSS program where the results were analyzed by paired T-, ANOVA, Tukey, and Wilkakson – Krueskwalis tests.Findings: There was no significant difference between the treated groups in HSDS (p= 0.56), WSDS (p = 0.08) and BMI (p= 0.51). On the other hand, there was a significant difference in SMR (p< 0.001) and bone age (p< 0.001) between groups. Eventually, no significant difference was found in serum IGF-1 levels between the two treated groups (p= 0.98).Conclusion: Iron and vitamin A can be used instead of oxandrolone in CDGP children with the same therapeutic effects and without the adverse effects seen with oxandrolone administration. In addition, this new therapeutic method has no significant effect on SMR and bone age promotion in contrast with oxandrolone therapy.

This article mostly focuses on the age and symptoms of puberty which is preceded by an introduction to the differences between Legal Qualifications in law and jurisprudence. The author reviews evidences in Quran and Tradition and discusses topics related to the children as their right and limit of possessing properties, holding onto Islam, praying, and discretionary punishments, as well as puberty and its symptoms. He discusses the puberty in two parts. The first part includes natural symptoms of puberty which present the stage of changing from childhood to adulthood. The second part focuses on the age of maturity or the legal age.

Background: Due to geographical, racial, nutritional and socio-economical effective factors in pubertal age, assessment of pubertal stages should always be based on native, up-to-date and reliable references data from the same background population. This study is conducted to determine the age of different pubertal stages in school-age girls of Isfahan.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 5.5 to 17 years-old girls of Isfahan among 3204 population in 2006. The data was collected through the multistage cluster probability sampling basis. Pediatric endocrinologist evaluated pubertal stages by inspection and palpation according to Tanner staging. Weight, height and skin fold thickness were measured and recorded. The subjects were asked about menarche occurrence and the age of its onset if there is any. The difference between mentioned factors and different pubertal stages were calculated and analyzed by Covariance statistical estimation.Findings: The mean age and standard deviation of thelarche, pubarche and menarche was 10.46±1/37, 11.15±1/30 and 12.56±1/15 year, respectively. Different pubertal stages have a significant relation to BMI and skin fold thickness (p<0.01). In the population under study, the puberty onset is considered sooner than 7.72 years-old as precoious puberty and later than 13.8 year-old as delayed puberty.Conclusion: It is concluded that thelarche and menarche age in girls living in Isfahan is higher than some other countries like USA, whereas menarcheal age is the same as other studies in Iran.