Rural tourism refers to all activities and services which are exercised by farmers, people and governments in order for tourists' recreation and leisure and also to attract tourists. Because of Qalat location and its historical and natural attractions, has long been of interest to tourists. The purpes of this study was to evaluate the economic, social and environment sustainability to achieve development of rural tourism in the Qalat region. By using random sampling method and Cochran table, 304 people were selected and questionnaires completed by them. The research method was descriptive survey and data analyses by Pearson correlation coefficient, One-sample T test and the multiple regression analysis. The study's findings show that there is a significant relationship among the rural tourism development with economic and social sustainability dimensions but there is not significant relationship among rural tourism development with environment sustainability. According to the results of one-simple T test, economic and environmental dimensions have not been sustainability but social dimension has been stable. The result of multiple regression showed that the economic and social sustainability of tourism have the ability to predict positively rural tourism development and environmental sustainability have the ability to predict negatively and significant of rural tourism development. Finally, some suggestions are also presented like transparency of economic, social and environment impacts in public beliefs, providing sustainable development foundations by maintaining and promoting rural nature and preventing destruction of nature areas.

Tourism in rural and remote areas is particularly important and is a Means for the well-being of local communities. This type of tourism if were in order to general sustainability of villages, could develop this regions. The purpose of this paper is study of Factors affecting the development of rural tourism with regarding of the general sustainability of regions and the development of local communities. The research method was descriptive - survey and interms of purpose is practical. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire. In order to analyze data in each of these villages, two types of questionnaires were distributed among locals and tourists. To obtain sample of locals and tourists, Cochran table was used. For locals, Random Sampling method and for tourists Available Sampling method was used. Validity and reliability assessment questionnaire was obtained by using confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach’s alpha. Data were analyzed with Structural Equation Modeling called path analysis, One - sample T test, Pearson correlation. Results show that tourist attractions, the way of local behaving, sustainability status and tourism infrastructure have highest impact factor in the development of rural tourism in the region of Qalat. The average level of environmental sustainability and tourism infrastructure are lower than mean but the average level of attractions, the way of local behaving, economic and social sustainability are higher than the mean. There is significant inverse relationship between environmental sustainability and the rural tourism development in the region of Qalat.

The land reform was the first bill of the sixth bills of the White Revolution (Revolution of the Shah and the Nation), which was implemented by Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi in 1340 for various purposes. One of the goals of the land reform was the abolition of the Mauluk-al-Tuvaifi and the elimination of the lord's regime. Fars province, which was considered as the seventh province at that time and also one of the most important and widespread agricultural provinces in Iran, received the attention of the Pahlavi II government during the land reform process. With the commencement of the implementation of the land reform law, the owners, who, by implementing this law, lost their properties in favor of the farmers, began their opposition to its realization. In this research, with an analytical descriptive approach and using the documents, we seek to answer the fundamental question: how was the adoption of the Land Reform Act, the owners 'and farmers' attitude of the Qalat village, and how the attitudes of the second government officials towards the implementation of this law were. The premise is prevalent that with the passage of the land reform law, the owners of Qalat refused to give land to the landowners, and government officials, despite trying to stabilize the situation, failed to implement land reform in Qalat.

This study aimed to examine the role of participatory governance dimensions, particularly “participation” and “managerial effectiveness and efficiency,” in predicting sustainable rural tourism development in Qalat village, Fars Province. A descriptive-analytical quantitative survey design was adopted. The statistical population included 7,286 residents and stakeholders of Qalat village, from which 367 respondents were selected using stratified random sampling based on Cochran’s formula at a 95% confidence level and a 0.05 margin of error. Data were collected using a validated and reliable researcher-designed questionnaire (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.87). Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression analyses were conducted using SPSS version 26. Pearson correlation results indicated a significant positive relationship between “participation” and sustainable rural tourism (r = 0.58, p < 0.001) and between “managerial effectiveness and efficiency” and sustainable rural tourism (r = 0.42, p < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis revealed that both participation (β = 0.28, t = 4.50, p < 0.001) and managerial effectiveness and efficiency (β = 0.19, t = 3.10, p = 0.002) significantly predicted sustainable rural tourism, jointly explaining 34% of the variance (R² = 0.34). The findings highlight that strengthening genuine community participation and improving managerial effectiveness and efficiency form the foundation for achieving sustainable rural tourism. Leveraging local cultural and natural assets through participatory and efficient governance provides a robust framework for economic, social, and environmental sustainability in rural destinations.

The historical site of Qalat Mutabad in Piranshahr is of paramount importance in numerous historical and cultural documents such as potteries and brick architectural remains, especially in terms of architectural maps and plans. The existence of a star-shaped plan in the design of the site’ s outer fence illustrates the importance and pivotal role of this area in the Piranshahr plain. The site is located beside one of the branches of the Little Zab (or Lower Zab) River, which has been gradually destroyed due to the passage of time and the land-use change, “ use as a military base in the contemporary period, ” and currently the evidence of the architectural debris of the building at the site is evident. Examples of star-shaped plan design in different parts of Iran, as well as European fortresses, can be observed, and it is comparable to the plan of Qalat Mutabad in this respect. The main problem of this article is to evaluate the site relying on the available documents and evidence so that we study the importance of military forts in the Piranshahr plain while achieving a relative dating of the site. Accordingly, some questions about the architectural structure, especially its plan and the military and residential function of the site arise. According to written historical sources, the study of similar examples, as well as material artifacts at the site level, hypotheses concerning the attribution of the site to the period after Safavid, “ Afshar or Qajar, ” military function inspired by Western architectural elements, are presented. This study was conducted in a historical, descriptive-analytical method. In addition to studying historical sources and field documentation by the authors at the site, aerial images and data gained from these images were exploited.