In order to investigate effects of partial replacement of starch with neutral detergent soluble fiber (NDSF), 16 lambs were used in completely randomized design. The length of the experiment was 90 days. Dietary treatments were 1- Control (without beet pulp), 2-18% beet pulp, 3-36% beet pulp and 4-54% beet pulp (high soluble fiber). Dry matter and Organic matter digestibility was highest in treatment 1 and lowest in treatment 4. NDF and ADF digestibility significantly increased with increasing amount of beet pulp in the diet. Rumen ammonia nitrogen decreased significantly with increasing level of beet pulp in the diet. Highest and lowest hot carcass weight observed in treatment 1 and 4 respectively. Treatment 3 and 1 showed highest full and empty rumen weight respectively. Total carcass fat decreased with increasing level of beet pulp in the diet. Potential gas production was the same between treatments but the rate of gas production between straw and sugar cane pith were different. The results of this study indicate that partial replacement of starch with neutral detergent soluble fiber from beet pulp to 36% of ration dry matter could improve fiber digestibility and reduce rumen ammonia nitrogen concentration but inclusion of 54% beet pulp in the diet could not support growth like the high starch diet.

This study was conducted to compare the effect of a cellulosic (wheat straw; WS) and non-cellulosic (beet pulp; BP) forage source on high producing dairy cows during the transition period (three weeks before to six weeks after calving). Multiparous Holstein cows (n=36) with mean body weight of 697± 59. 6 kg and body condition score of 3. 3± 0. 22 were used in the experiment. Before calving, the cows received diets containing 7. 17% WS (n=18) or BP (n=18). After calving, the cows in each group were divided into two subgroups (n=9), and received the diets containing 5% BP or WS. Prepartum dry matter intake (DMI) was similar between dietary treatments but prepartum digestibility of DM (P=0. 05) and neutral detergent fiber (P= 0. 06) was lower in cows feeding on the WS diet. The yield of energy-corrected milk, 4% fat-corrected milk and milk fat percentage tended to be higher in the cows fed with the BP diet during the prepartum period (P = 0. 09). In conclusion, the results showed that feeding non-cellulosic forages during the transition period may improve the performance in dairy cows.

Effect of energy expression system and total amino acid database on economical efficiency of Ross 308 broilers strain was studied by 180 broiler chicks in a completely randomized design with a 2×3 factorial arrangement. This study was performed with six treatments, three replicates and 10 broiler chicks in each replicate. Experimental groups included two systems of energy (AMEn and TMEn) and three amino acid database (NRC, Evonik and Ajinomoto) in the periods of starter (1-10 days), grower (11-24 days) and finisher (25-42 days). Dietary formulation with AMEn caused significant increase in feed intake (3983. 2 g) and weight gain (2358. 3 g) of broilers. In 24 and 42 days, dietary formulation with AMEn and then TMEn caused increase in revenue and the cost of broilers’ ration. Dietary formulation according to TMEn caused a significant increase in profitability (3690. 2), gross profit share of revenue (42. 367), profit share of variable costs (74. 100) and gross profit returns (10. 173) as well as a significant reduction in the cost of meat production (2. 19) (P<0. 05). Dietary formulation according to NRC and Evonic database resulted in a significant increase in profitability, gross profit share of revenue, profit share of variable costs and gross profit returns as well as a significant reduction in the cost of meat production (P<0. 05). Based on the results of current experiment, dietary formulation of broilers based on TMEn and NRC and Evonik amino acid database caused relative improvement in net economic return.

The effect of energy expression system and total amino acid database on growth performance, carcass components and litter quality of Ross 308 broilers strain was studied by 180 broiler chicks in a completely randomized design with a 2×3 factorial arrangement. This study was performed with six treatments, three replicates and ten broiler chicks in each replicate. Treatments expression was with two systems of energy (AMEn and TMEn) and three amino acid database (NRC, Evonik and Ajinomoto) in periods starter (1-10 days), grower and (11-24 days) finisher (25-42 days). Apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen in the dietary formulation caused a relative increase in feed intake and weight gain of broilers in the grower and whole period of experiment (1-42 days). Energy system had no significant effect on feed conversion ratio, protein and energy utilization, carcass components and litter quality (P>0. 05). Evaluating feed conversion ratio, efficiency of energy and protein utilization, European production index during total experiment period showed that NRC and Evonik amino acid databases were significantly better than Ajinomoto (P<0. 05). Based on the current results, it seems that NRC and Evonik amino acid databases, in the condition of current experiment have relatively some advantage compared to Ajinomoto database.

Background and Objectives: Consumable fats in ruminant products are the main source of various conjugated linoleic acid isomers with a wide range of positive effects on human health. The biological role of various isomers of conjugated linoleic acid and some precursor compounds such as rumenic acid and vaccenic acid have been extensively studied. Various genetic factors such as race type are considered as effective factors on the effect of different environmental factors on plasma levels, growth, energy distribution between different tissues of the body, and the pattern of fatty acids and the chemical composition of the carcass. There are several studies on dairy cows on the role of various dietary factors including fatty acids in their effect on performance and energy metabolism. However, much research has been done in this field even in Iran and there is no comparison between the tailed and no-tailed sheep in the type of response to different sources of dietary energy. Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate the effect of high-energy diets rich in carbohydrates or protected fat sources on dry matter intake, weight gain, expression of the TNF-α,gene, and some blood metabolites in male lambs of Taleshi and Zel. Materials and Methods: This study was performed in an experimental period of 116 days (14 days of habituation and 102 days of sampling). At the end of the habituation period before breakfast, the animals were weighed and kept individually (6 lambs of Taleshi breed and 6 lambs of Zel breed for each treatment). The control diet (fat-free diet), a diet containing 4% saturated fat supplement rich in stearic acid, and a diet containing 4% unsaturated fat supplement protected apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude fat, crude protein, and insoluble fibers in neutral detergent and insoluble fibers in acid detergent was measured by the recommended method. The amount of dry matter consumed was measured by taking into account the amount of dry matter remaining in the manager (post-manager) and the amount of dry matter in the diet. To measure weight changes, lambs were weighed every two weeks before feeding until the end of the experiment using a digital calibrator. Blood samples were taken from the lambs intravenously every two weeks until the end of the experimental period, four hours after the morning meal. TNF-α,gene expression was measured in the Rasta laboratory located in West Azerbaijan Science and Technology Park. Results: The highest level of feed intake at the end of the period belonged to Zel and Taleshi lambs that consumed the feed containing saturated stearic fatty acid. The digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, NDF, and ADF was affected by fat source, However, the effect of race and the interaction between race and type of fat did not affect their digestibility. The interaction effect of race and fat on the digestibility of crude protein and ether extract was significant (P<0. 05). Crude protein digestibility was not affected by the fat type. The highest digestibility of crude protein was observed in the treatment of protected unsaturated fat of Taleshi breed and the lowest amount was observed in the treatment of protected unsaturated fat of Zel. The highest digestibility of ether extract was observed in the treatment of Taleshi protected unsaturated fat (P<0. 05). The expression of the TNF-α,gene was higher in the subcutaneous fat of the protected lambs of the unsaturated treatment (P<0. 05). Also, the TNF-α,gene expression was higher in tail fat and tail fat samples of talus lambs with protective unsaturated treatment and less stearic acid treatment in Zell lambs than in other treatments (<0. 05). Blood triglycerides of Zel and Taleshi fattening lambs were subjected to the interaction of treatment factors over time, treatment in the race, and triple interaction of race over time treatment during the 16-week fattening period. Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that the addition of fat supplements in the diet of Taleshi and Zel lambs improves blood parameters and thus improves performance (weight gain and feed intake). Since the best results were obtained in the treatment of protected unsaturated fat supplement, the use of this fat supplement at the level of 4% is recommended in Taleshi and Zel lambs' nutrition.