The title of this research should not delude the reader into assuming that the aim of study is to analyze and judge theories of feminism including various schools of thought. Rather this investigation has used the term "feminism" in that it is popularly utilized by Iranians to refer to issues of women's rights. It is sometimes observed that the advocates of Feminism have no knowledge of its different schools of thought and various sub- disciplines. The main aim of this essay is to outline the ideas and conducts of some Iranian women in their everyday life which are consciously or unconsciously interpreted from the feminist perspective. This critical examination highlights two types of women: resentful and critical.Resentment is taken as a category more akin to Max Scheler’s thought than to Nietzsche’s approach. Resentful women are those who want to take an impotent revenge to establish their identity negatively.Critical depicts a Socratic citizen. Those who by accepting Marcusian and Irigaraian difference, engage in knowing about themselves and act as a mature participant to change their life as well as other people's. They foster common happiness and as a good citizen gain their rights.Cinema is the medium of research. The findings of this article are based on critical evaluation of two popular feature films, which depict either the passive surrender to the imperatives of reified situation or active participation to bring out “happiness” from the harsh realities of life, to give hope and make utopia of good life feasible.

There has been an increasing interest in optimism and its underlying characteristics after the development of positive psychology. Many studies suggest that there is a significant difference between the optimists and pessimists in attention to positive and negative information and stimuli. Because of the cognitive nature of attention, however, people’s expectancies and goals also may play a role. The aim of this study was to investigate the interactional effect of optimism and having a goal on attention bias.60 participants were divided into two groups (optimists and pessimists) using the Life Orientation Test (LOT) (Scheier and Carver, 1985).They looked at positive and negative stimuli each of which was either associated with their goals or not. Subject’s gaze was measured using an eye-tracking device (SMI Model).Analysis showed that goal oriented optimists looked significantly more than their non goal oriented counterparts at positive stimuli. However, pessimists with and without goal orientation did not differ in this respect. There were no significant differences between the groups as far attention to negative stimuli was concerned. Results support the interactional effect of optimism and goal orientation on attention bias and suggest that they moderate each other as cognitive and affective constructs.

The aim of present study was to investigate the relationship between positive and negative self-reference traits and positivity components. The study was descriptive and correlational research. The Statistical population included all undergraduate and postgraduate students at Shahid Beheshti University that 187 students (82 boys and 105 girls) were selected by convenience sampling. Research tools consisted of Oxford Happiness Questionnaire, Snyder hope scale, life orientation questionnaire and checklist the self-reference traits. The results showed that there was a significant correlation between happiness and life expectancy with positive and negative traits of self-reference. Optimism was not associated with positive and negative traits of self-reference. Also, positive traits of self-reference were negatively associated with negative traits of self-reference. On the other hand, the results of multiple regression analysis showed that happiness and hope were predictors of positive traits of self-reference. Also, negative traits of self-reference were predicted by hope. It seems that processing negative and positive information related to the self were influenced by happiness and positive life expectancy. Self-Reference paradigm was an appropriate approach for conducting researches in positive psychology research.

The recently introduced method, ±ED-WTA, for each output neuron of a class in the last layer of neural networks, obtain a pair of positive and negative prototypes. The functionality of a neuron is explained based on the difference in the Euclidean distance of a sample from these two prototypes. An astonishing point in this method is the great similarity of positive and negative prototypes for each neuron at the end of training. The authors of [2] have claimed that the reason for this extreme similarity is the formation of the negative prototype of a class with samples of other classes, which are very similar to the positive prototype of that class. In this paper, we show that it is not only the negative prototype that gets close to the positive prototype of a class but also a positive prototype is formed by samples that are far from the center of that class. The new finding about this great similarity shows that each neuron in the softmax layer, like SVMs, makes decisions based on the near-boundary samples. The theoretical analysis is examined in detail and experimental results on MNIST, FERET, and Fashion-MNIST show the correctness of the claims made.

Isaiah Berlin on Berlin, trying to show how the conflict between monism and pluralism in two very different concepts of freedom, the freedom to "positive" and "negative" effects, is critical matter. Pluralistic view of Berlin is characterized by the assumption that many possibilities exist for the selection and field of freedom. Main hypothesis of this paper is that "using Isaiah Berlin and pluralistic approach to the selection and choice (both individual and collective level), a theory about the centrality of freedom with negative offers maximum freedom." The main purpose of this paper presents an analytical and critical approach about the concept of freedom and recognition both positive and negative concept of freedom in the political thought of Isaiah Berlin.

Factor analyses that have beel1 administrated on the self-report mood questionnaires, consistently emerged two dominant dimensions that are called positive and negative affects. These two affective dimensions are associated with different classes of psychological variables. Negative affect is related to self-reported stress, poor coping, health complaints, and frequency of unpleasant events. This dimension is the common factor of anxiety and depression disorders. Positive affect is related to social activity and satisfaction and the frequency of pleasant events. Low positive affect is the specific factor of depression. In this study the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) was administrated on 255 university students with anxiety and depression disorders. The accuracy of factor structure, construct validation, and reliability of the PANAS was evaluated by Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The scales are shown to satisfy the two factor model (p<0.01). The structural relation of negative and positive affect with anxiety and depression was consistent with previous studies (p<0.05). The reliability of subscales were 0.87.

Cognitive approach is one of the important approaches in explaining depression. According to Beck, depression starts and continues because of a non logical pessimistic attitude. These negative concepts and automatic repetitive negative thoughts are being considered as the central factors in depression. It has been shown that depressed individuals have significantly more negative thoughts compared to the normal ones. Furthermore, some authors have argued that the frequency of positive automatic thoughts is the most important factor in depression, whereas others maintain that the ratio of negative and positive thoughts is what matters the most. For the present study 200 students of the University of Tehran completed the Beck depression Inventory (BDI) and also the Automatic negative and positive thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ-NP). Bifactorial and correlation analyses suggest positive and negative automatic thoughts not only are related to each other but also provide independent information. There is a direct relationship between depression and negative thoughts whereas the relationship between depression and positive thoughts is inverse. Furthermore, destruction of positive thoughts is a more striking characteristic of depression than the presence of negative thoughts. Destruction of positive thoughts is a more salient characteristic in depression compared with the absence of the negative thoughts. In other words, destruction of positive thoughts is related to the severity of depression not to depression itself.