صنعت گردشگری در دنیای امروز یکی از عرصه هایی که به دلیل زمینه سازی برای پیشرفت و نقش مهمی که در روابط و مناسبات اجتماعی بشر ایفا می کند، مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. از آنجاییکه فقه اسلامی در عرصه های مختلف زندگی انسان ورود کرده و تکلیف مکلفین را مشخص می کند، سؤال پژوهش پیش رو این است که از منظر فقهی در حکومت اسلامی چه موضعی را نسبت به این صنعت باید داشت. نگارنده با پژوهشی میان رشته ای از نوع تحقیقات تحلیلی- اسنادی با روش گردآوری اطلاعات کتابخانه ای در پی بررسی فقهی مواجهه حکومت اسلامی با صنعت گردشگری در پرتو مستندات قرآنی و روایی و دیدگاه های فقها در این زمینه است. بررسی آیات و روایات اسلامی مبین اهمیت دادن دین اسلام به این موضوع مهم است، مهمترین مؤلفه های مطرح شده در این زمینه در قالب قاعده تکریم انسان ها، قاعده فقهی شروط و لاضرر و قرارداد امان رخ می نماید. بنابراین دانش فقه ضمن پذیرش این صنعت، به دلیل اقتضای مصلحت عمومی در زمینه شکوفایی فرهنگی و اقتصادی حکومت اسلامی، به قلمرو اختصاصی آن نزدیک شده و راهکارهایی نیز برای نحوه حضور گردشگران و جهانگردان خارجی برای حفظ کیان دینی و فرهنگی جامعه اسلامی پیشنهاد کرده است. واژگان کلیدی: گردشگری، قاعده امان، تکریم انسان، قاعده شروط، قاعده لاضرر،

In spit of the annually growth of maize domestic production by 12.6 percent during the last three decades, maize import has been increased due to an increasing demand. This situation shows the high importance of recognizing the maize world market. Considering the issue, this study aims at investigation of maize world market structure and the price transmission pattern between world and domestic market. Structure of maize world market was investigated using concentration indices for period of 1990-2005. In most of the period, the USA accounted for more than 50 percent of world market. Although over the period concentration in world market has been decreased slightly, maize world market was found closed monopolistic. Causality test showed a one-way causality from world market toward domestic market. Findings of price transmission also revealed a symmetric price transmission in long run while it was found asymmetric in short run in such a manner that price increase transmission from world market is larger than price decrease. Transmission of maize world price to domestic market may result in increased production costs in bird breeding industry as well as increment of household expenditures.

The purpose of this research is to empirically analyze the efficient market hypothesis in the Iranian capital market: An analysis of behavioral idiosyncrasies. This research is applied and conducted with a quantitative method. The information in this research is based on collecting secondary data from the Tehran Stock Exchange, including panel data from 112 companies over the 10-year period of 2014-2015. The sampling method of this research is non-random and based on the criteria of the company's financial stability, the existence of complete price and return data, and representation of different market segments. To analyze the data, first the variables under study were described in the study period, then the obtained data were analyzed using modeling with a multilayer perceptron neural network (MLP) and optimization with the water cycle algorithm (WCA). According to the results, the average closing price (65,351 Tomans) and daily return (0.0495%, equivalent to an annual growth of about 12.8%) indicate a stable market growth, while the high standard deviation of prices (47,728) and the range of returns (-4.15% to 4.85%) confirm the diversity and volatility of the market. The trading volume with an average of 2.54 million and technical indicators such as RSI (average 52.74) and Volatility (0.9831) indicate high investor activity and the impact of their behavior on stock value changes. Calendar variables such as January_Effect (8.3% occurrence) provide the basis for examining behavioral anomalies. The presence of fluctuations and potential patterns in RSI (third quartile 64.68) and Momentum (range -9.78% to 11.14%) indicate that the market may not be completely random (EMH) and support adaptive patterns (AMH). Fundamental variables such as P/E (average 12.4) and Book_to_Market (1.002) indicate the diversity of companies, which is crucial for classifying return behavior (question 2) and suggesting investment strategies.

The political uncertainty caused by the instability of management and the political hypothesis leads to a market failure. In high-risk information environments where accounting information is less predictable, political uncertainty exacerbates market behavior. The purpose of this study is to investigate the political uncertainty caused by the volatility of management and size of the company under the influence of the capital market information environment against the rules of voluntary accruals and the capital cost of ordinary shares of companies. For this purpose, the data of 100 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 1387-1396 were examined and tested using combined data. The results show that the political uncertainty caused by management instability under the influence of the capital market information environment is negatively and significantly correlated with the cost of ordinary equity capital. Also, there is a positive and significant relationship between the political uncertainty associated with the size of the company affected by the capital market information environment and the cost of ordinary equity capital.

Objective: This study aims to examine price transmission dynamics and assess the extent of price transmission between wholesale and retail levels in the seafood market. Methods: The study employs the bivariate GARCH model and the Houck model to analyze the symmetry and asymmetry of price transmission in selected seafood markets, including trout, silver pomfret, common carp, white pomfret, anchovy, croaker, cold-water fish, warm-water fish, and shrimp. The analysis is based on monthly data from 2011 to 2019. Findings: The results indicate that the hypothesis of symmetric price transmission is only confirmed in the short term for silver pomfret and croaker, while it is rejected for other products. Conversely, in the long term, the hypothesis of asymmetric price transmission is confirmed for trout, silver pomfret, and croaker but rejected for the other seafood products. Additionally, for trout, silver pomfret, and croaker, the short-term price transmission elasticity is higher than the long-term elasticity, suggesting that price changes are fully transmitted from the wholesale to the retail level. However, for anchovy, common carp, white pomfret, and shrimp, short-term price transmission elasticity is lower than long-term elasticity, aligning with findings from the Reziti model. Conclusion: It is recommended that relevant authorities take measures to protect both producers and consumers by supporting existing sales cooperatives. This can be achieved through proper cultural promotion, training, and providing necessary facilities to facilitate timely purchasing and direct distribution of seafood products to consumers. Such actions would not only help stabilize market prices but also create export opportunities and prevent excessive market margins and price fluctuations.

This study investigates the price transmission in the Iranian fluid milk market. We applied a Markov-switching vector error correction model on the monthly price data from March 2003 to December 2015 to allow for multiple regime shifts in the relationship between farm and retail prices. According to Granger Causality Test, there is one side causality relation from producer’ s price to consumer’ s price. Due to the existence of positive price asymmetry in farm-retail price transmission, the retail prices would incline more quickly in response to increases in farm price than to its decreases, implying serious welfare losses to the consumers. Main results show existence of a positive price asymmetry in the market. In the long run, price transmission is perfect, while in the short run, price adjustment between two market levels is asymmetric. On the other hand, retailers benefit from any shock that affects supply or demand conditions.

This study is investigating price transmission (symmetric or asymmetric) for milk market. In this study, threshold convergence method and price of milk during 1361-89 are used. Also by using asymmetric error correction model, the short-term adjustments of this market were analyzed. The results indicate that, price transmission between producer and retail of milk is asymmetric and increasing in producer prices much faster than the decreasing of the producer prices will transfer to the retail prices.