After a short introduction about the situation and the present importance of medical ethics, key words and definitions have been preceded. Then a brief report on different theories rose in ethics philosophy and the relation of these theories to medical ethics have been presented. At the conclusion part, the relation between ethical philosophies of holy Islam and medicine has been discussed. It has been explained that ethical behavior of experts and researchers in medical sciences, is an internal behavior in accordance with ethical Islamic principles. Taken together, medical ethics should be internalized in people in order to be educated and performed in the society. In the principals of Islamic ethics, intention is the basis of good & evil action and the value of ethics. In the Islamic fundamental view, not only being nice is not sufficient for doing ethical action, but also good intention of actor is important. Good intention and good behavior will bring salvation for the men. In the other word in Islam, ethics is internal and the moral act originates from faith to God and afterlife.

According to our terminology, the mechanism people follow in moral judgments, which is far from the sayings and rules of moral philosophers, is folk morality. Above all, people in moral judgments regard human moral capacity and do not expect full morality of any one. People suppose that perfect moral life is an ideal which is beyond human abilities. This hidden presupposition forms the foundation of human moral behavior. On the other hand, it seems that the moral systems originating from moral philosophy have been constructed a priori and, assuming a perfect man, they expect people to become such a person. It seems that it is necessary for moral philosophers to change their way and begin speculation with respect to people’s moral capacities. In this paper, we argue that minimal ethical speculation increases the level of morality in society. The basis of this turn is new progresses and findings in the field of psychology and the connection between psychology and moral philosophy; a connection which will be more and more important for moral philosophers parallel to scientific progresses. Of course, this is an immature idea and therefore confronts with some critiques.

This article seeks to deal with morality or moral philosophy (ethics) as viewed by Kant, one of the greatest philosophers in the west. According to Kant, scientific natural science contains within itself a priori synthetic judgments without which it cannot be called "science". Synthetic a priori judgments are necessary and universal judgments upon which all sciences are based. Thus, morality (ethics) as a science contains in itself a priori synthetic judgments like 'we ought to tell the truth'. This 'ought to' dose not result from any particular facts we experience at a particular time. In other words, our judgments come from our reason, not from the objects we experience. Kant says that knowledge generally consists of a form and a substance. Substance, according to Kant, comes to our mind from the external world and form is something our minds impose upon the matter, so every human being inevitably thinks about things in accordance with the natural structure of the mind, and by virtue of these human beings can justify the necessary and universal laws in sciences. In his view, rational knowledge is of two kinds: material and formal. Formal knowledge is what he calls formal or transcendental logic and material knowledge itself which deals with a subject is of two kinds: natural philosophy and moral philosophy (ethics). Both natural sciences and ethics have one empirical aspect and one a priori aspect. The a priori aspect of ethics is called pure ethics or moral philosophy. For Kant moral philosophy serves to justify or account for the necessity and universality of moral judgments. In other words, moral philosophy serves to make a distinction between the a priori elements and the objects of experience and to examine what accounts for the acceptance of a priori elements, i.e., how one can achieve certain binding rules or principles concerning human behavior (conduct). Kant offers certain rules and principles through which one can recognize the necessary and universal principles in ethics.

Exploring the relationship between gender and ethics is the common concern of some feminist scholars. From this perspective, feminists criticize the traditional morality for ignoring the importance of cultural values as well as the moral experience of women with a view of patriarchy. Therefore, they express various approaches and ideas, trying to address a new formulation of moral relations and system appropriate to gender. Female attitudes to ethics emphasize on personal relationships and the ethics of care, engaging in the value of human relationships. Besides, maternal approaches assert the special relationship between mother and child as a moral and interactive pattern. For this reason, these gender-based approaches unlike traditional morality which contains the general rules of morality, impartiality and rational ideas are non-holistic, context-driven, objective, and emotion-oriented.

The history of ethics is an ancient as man's thought and the effect of thoughts of some distinguished philosophers such as Plato, is agreed among scholars in the history of philosophy.Plato believes in the interaction of society and individual to reach excellent ethic. He proceeds rather ruler's ethics because he knows sage ruler or philosopher king as columns of eutopia. Moreover in this article ethical philosophy and rulers's ethics in plato viewpoint are investigated.