The Qajars used other measures and policies to protect and govern the territory of the forbidden countries of Iran in the beginning of their rule, in addition to using the power of the sword. The tradition of family rule or the use of members of the royal family as rulers at the state and provincial levels was one of these measures, which had already been used by some former ruling families such as the Seljuks and Safavids. The findings of the study, which was conducted by historical method and descriptive-analytical approach, show that Agha Mohammad Khan, as the founder of the Qajar dynasty, continued the tradition of family rule by employing all members of the royal family as rulers to govern different states and provinces of Iran. Dad and two of his immediate successors, Fath Ali Shah and Mohammad Shah, introduced a kind of innovation in this tradition by restricting the use of members of the royal family to the king's sons and grandsons.

At the beginning of their rule, the Qajars used the tradition of dynastic rule to manage the system of territorial division, but from the period of Naser al-Din Shah, the tradition of dynastic rule to manage that system and the use of princes and members of the royal family in the states and provinces gradually lost color, and the bureaucrats of the time and members of their families, They took the place of princes and members of the royal family in the governance of the states and provinces. In this study, the historical research method and the descriptive-analytical approach were used to try to answer the main question of what were the characteristics of the system of territorial division during the reign of Naser al-Din Shah and what were the factors that caused the change of approach from the policy of dynastic rule to the policy of civil rule and what caused the appointment of the ruling judges in the states and provinces. The research method in this study is the historical method with a descriptive-analytical approach in the field of library studies. The results show that the change of state boundaries and the consolidation of states and provinces under the supervision of a ruler, as well as the creation of new states, were the characteristics of the system of territorial division in this period. The administrators of the administrative system of territorial division during the period of Naser al-Din Shah initially continued the policy of dynastic rule, but due to the harmful results of the dynastic rule policy in the political field as well as the weakening of the financial basis of the central government, they changed the approach from the dynastic rule tradition to the civil rule tradition.

At the beginning of their rule, the Qajars used the tradition of dynastic rule to manage the system of territorial division, but from the period of Naser al-Din Shah, the tradition of dynastic rule to manage that system and the use of princes and members of the royal family in the states and provinces gradually lost color, and the bureaucrats of the time and members of their families, They took the place of princes and members of the royal family in the governance of the states and provinces. In this study, the historical research method and the descriptive-analytical approach were used to try to answer the main question of what were the characteristics of the system of territorial division during the reign of Naser al-Din Shah and what were the factors that caused the change of approach from the policy of dynastic rule to the policy of civil rule and what caused the appointment of the ruling judges in the states and provinces. The research method in this study is the historical method with a descriptive-analytical approach in the field of library studies. The results show that the change of state boundaries and the consolidation of states and provinces under the supervision of a ruler, as well as the creation of new states, were the characteristics of the system of territorial division in this period. The administrators of the administrative system of territorial division during the period of Naser al-Din Shah initially continued the policy of dynastic rule, but due to the harmful results of the dynastic rule policy in the political field as well as the weakening of the financial basis of the central government, they changed the approach from the dynastic rule tradition to the civil rule tradition.

Late changes in the social context of Kerman province, in the era before constitutionalism led to vast family relations. At this time, forming and developing the power domain of two families of Ebrahimi (related to Ebrahim Khan Zahirodoleh) and Vakili (related to Mohammad Esmail Khan Nouri, the first Vakilolmolk) along with competition and attempts to gain social-economic positions of power, provoked the government into entering to this area of competition, in a way that some of the governors exploited this situation for their special political aims. Especially, during the ruling of Abbas Gholi Khan, The second Vakilolmolk, because of some political family classifications some riots were launched against the ruling family with the excuse of bad living conditions. Some of the sectarian disputes between Kerman Sheikhieh and the Shias should also be explained based on relations and Kermani family classifications. For example, sectarian disagreements between Sheikhieh and the Shias that occurred at the time of ruling of Roknoddoleh originated from ruling families' political disputes.

One of the key methods for representing the familial and tribal history of villages is conducting oral history interviews. Oral narratives are valuable resources for depicting the multidimensional social history of villages, particularly the history and genealogies of tribes. However, these narratives are sometimes influenced by tribal rivalries or local discourses, leading to myth-making, exaggeration, or trivialization of certain figures and events. To assess the accuracy of such narratives, cross-validation with documented sources, such as familial and household records, is essential. The village of Neshel consists of eight tribes and nine independent households. This article, using a descriptive-analytical approach and through the examination of documents and oral narratives, seeks to answer two key questions: What is the role of documents and oral evidence in representing the historical background and genealogy of the Jurseri tribe of Neshel? And how can cross-verification of these sources contribute to a more accurate depiction of the Jurseri tribe’s genealogy? The Jurseri tribe—the largest of the eight tribes in Neshel—comprises twenty family lineages. The oral narratives related to this tribe mostly provide limited information, only tracing back three generations and mainly extending to the late Qajar era. In contrast, documents such as endowment deeds, purchase deeds, marriage contracts, and settlement agreements confirm the presence of the Jurseri tribe’s ancestors in Neshel as far back as the Afsharid era. These records have also rectified inconsistencies and errors in oral narratives. Furthermore, data within these documents clarify the genealogical relationships among the Jurseri family branches at the upper levels of the tribal tree.

Document-based historiography has a micro-partial approach to historical phenomena. This approach is a reaction to the dissatisfaction with the grand narratives of history, which leads to ignoring principal share of the historical elements of the nations to unify the analyses. The current research was the answer to a question in the field of methods, uses, and the place of these kinds of documents among historical references. Representing the importance and priority of family documents in sociological studies is the focal point of this study, which can lead to doubts in some presuppositions or ideas accepted by researchers. New pieces of evidence and documents and their interpretations were presented in this study in order, and new interpretations were put on these documents. The research method was descriptive and analytical based on library sources and extraction of textual data of family documents, which was analyzed by presenting scientific approaches and tried to describe the requirements and challenges of researchers in this field. Historiography based on family documents helps to obtain historical and cultural data rarely present in government and official histories and documents and is less relevant to critics and historians. Finally, this research is placed in the field of applied methodology and tries to practice the ways of dealing with and using historical and ethnic data of family documents.

Purpose: This research was organized and implemented with the aim of providing a general definition of the previous research - considering that so far, no research has been made available to achieve a general definition of governance in studies inside and outside the country.Method: This research is developmental in terms of its purpose, and in terms of the nature of the data and the method of analysis, it is among qualitative researches. In this research, research data has been collected and analyzed using meta-synthesis technique. Sandolski and Barroso's seven-step method was used for meta-synthesis. In this research, the unit of registration is documentation (books and articles) and the unit of analysis is the section. From the valid databases, screening was done with the purposeful sampling method and 218 documents (research sample) were selected for analysis. Maxqda 2020 software was used to analyze the themes of the documents. Kappa internal agreement coefficient was used to validate the theme analysis. The calculation of this coefficient was done by Maxqda 2020, which is at the highest level of agreement (= 0.89) based on the analytical criteria used.Findings: The organizing themes of the concept of governance (dimensions of governance), in order of the frequency of extracted codes from the reviewed sources, are: methods (29.03%), governance actors (26.23%), functions (25.17%), purpose (62 7/%), territory (4.73%), style (4.4%) and value (2.8%). According to these elements, the general definition of governance was done.Conclusion: According to the exploratory investigations of meta-synthesis, the definition of governance based on its constituent elements is as follows: "Governance is the process of steering the systematic interaction of actors (governmental/non-governmental) in a territory (transnational, national and transnational) through policy making and Regulation (and redistribution) for facilitating and providing (public) services for the realization of collective goals (shared between governmental and non-governmental actors) by exercising legitimate authority within the framework of the ideals and values of that realm.It is hoped that this general definition will get rid of the ambiguities in the definition of governance and that this new research work will be completed with the action of other researchers to achieve a general definition of the constituent components of the definition of governance.

توجه به خواسته های مردم یا افکار عمومی نسبت به حکومت در تمام ادوار تاریخی از جمله در عصر تیموریان مورد تاکید عرفا، ادبا و مورخان ایرانی بوده است. آنان با استناد به آیات قرآنی و احادیث نبوی و حکایات پند آمیز بزرگان در صدد برآمدند شیوه های صحیح حکمرانی را که خواست مردم بوده به فرمانروایان تیموری نشان دهند. اندیشه های این گروه از این قلم انعکاس افکار عمومی جامعه در حکمرانی بر اساس اصول شرع و روایات دینی بوده است. عرفا، ادبا، و مورخان در واقع سخن گویان مردم بودند که انتظار داشتند حاکمان مسلمان طبق اصول شریعت و سخنان بزرگان دین اسلام حکومت نموده و به خواسته های مردم در حکمرانی توجه کنند. این که عرفا و ادبا و مورخان چه روش هایی را برای حکمرانی خطاب به فرمانراوایان مسلمان قرن نهم هجری بیان نموده اند افکار عمومی مردم در آثار آنان چگونه انعکاس یافته، موضوع بحث این پژوهش است که به شیوه تحلیلی و توصیفی و با استناد به منابع تاریخی، ادبی و عرفانی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته و در نتیجه نشان داده شده است که عرفا، ادبا و مورخان بهترین الگوی حکمرانی اسلامی را خطاب به فرمانروایان از زبان مردم بیان نموده اند.

The main question of this article is what is good governance and what are its differences with bad governance? This article was compiled based on sources and library study in the field of governance . In the explanation of the article, descriptive-analytical methodology with the aim of examining two categories of defective governance and optimal governance. The findings and conclusions show that the development and progress as well as the backwardness of any nation is rooted in the country's governance. It is the quality and function of governance that determines whether governance is desirable or defective. Good governance requires the use of a set of policies and strategies in order to increase the efficiency and performance of the government in satisfying the people, also increasing the competition in the political and economic fields, as well as making the government more responsive and efficient and modern. Defective governance, which occurs by putting pressure on the people and imposing the desires of the rulers on different strata, causes a decrease in national satisfaction and a decrease in the performance as well as inefficiency of the government compared to other competing countries. In defective governance, those who have more qualifications and professional competence are left aside and those who have less competence take over the administration of the country's affairs. The results of this article will be able to evaluate, guide or modify a wide range of actions needed in the field of governance in the form of recommendations and policy packages.