Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a mathematical programming method for calculating Efficiency of decision making units (DMU). In calculating the Efficiency score of units through DEA we may come up with some efficient units. But the question is among these efficient units which of them is better. As we know, it is possible to rank inefficient units through Efficiency score; however, for ranking efficient units it is not helpful and other methods should be developed in these regards. To obviate this problem there have been so many attempts in the literature which have their pros and cons. Cross-Efficiency method was first introduced by Sexon et al. for ranking efficient units. The major problem of this method is alternative optimal solutions in each model which must be solved for each DMU. Another problem of this method is dependency of obtained solutions on the solution obtained by other units. Another method which has widely been used is super Efficiency, presented by Anderson and Petersen. There are several flaws in their suggested method. Infeasibility, instability, dependency of the model on the input and output orientation and non-zero slack variables are the weaknesses of this method which may occur in specific problems. This article is an attempt to present a method which does not have the aforementioned problems and can be utilized to calculate the rank of extreme efficient units through using the Hit or Miss Monte Carlo method. At the end of the article some examples are made in order to show the Efficiency of the presented method.

Background and Objective: The detection of nucleic acids using Real-Time CPR has many application. Quantitative analysis of mRNA using Real-Time PCR by Relative and Absolute methods. Widely used in biological studies. The purpose of this study was to compare the Relative and calculated PCR Efficiency by standard curve and LinRegPCR methods.Subject and Methods: After sampling and extraction of RNA and cDNA synthesis, the quantitative RT-PCR was performed, then the PCR Efficiency was calculated by Using the two methods of standard curve and LinRegPCR. At the end the results of the two methods were compared and analyzed.Results: The Efficiency of PCR for the GAPDH, TGF-b and IL-10 genes with the standard curve method were 1.99, 1.81 and 1.87, respectively. The PCR Efficiency of these three genes were 1.98, 1.82 and 1.82 by using LinRegPCR software method, respectively.Conclusion: The analysis of the data obtained from PCR proliferation of cDNA of the three genes, GAPDH, TGFb and IL-10 showed no statistical difference between standard curve and LineRegPCR methods. Therefore, it is recommended to use the LinRegPCR software method instead of the expensive standard curve method.

In this article we seek to attribute that to evaluate the effectiveness of government and political system, With reference to structural-functional systems theory to the theoretical framework. The main question in this article, is seeking for reliable indicators for the effectiveness of government from the perspective of political science. To answer this question, efficient capacities in the form of six capacities there for any government, will be discussed. Six potential monopoly of the legitimate use of force, extraction, shaping national identity, regulatory identity, maintaining internal and redistributive cohesion, in this article has been studied as indexes of government effectiveness. In this paper, our perception of Efficiency can be considered as duties or common authorities in addition to great symmetry with economic understanding and management of this concept, linked with the key concept of "power" in political science. In this concept of Efficiency, has been considered to the actual position of governments in countries and communities today, with an emphasis on the duties, powers and abilities as well as their expectations. This notion of Efficiency, the closest and most functional conception of the concept of Efficiency in political science which can be a reliable basis and theoretical framework for research on the effectiveness of the government.

Many experts believe that transparency, greater access to information, and better flow of information help increase the accountability of governments and state officials and eventually help stem corruption and improve governance, which leads to an establishment's sustainability. In recent years, things such as unjustifiably high salaries and benefits, unjustifiable provision of properties and extra benefits at municipalities, the manner in which government-subsidized foreign currency is provided to importers of goods, etc are an indication of not-so-transparent processes, which are the result of lack of transparent information and flawed performance of supervisory organizations. This article discusses the important role of free access to information in improving the Efficiency of governance and demonstrates that access to information in Iran is not as it should be and that supervisory organizations face a conflict and multiplicity of responsibilities. It also puts forward some proposals that could help improve information dissemination and supervisory structures in the country.

According to the country’s annual energy consumption statistics, over a third of energy is consumed in Iran’s buildings. Having socioeconomic roots, important energy Efficiency obstacles include those related to micro economy, energy markets and a resistance against changing habits. These factors are identified in the present research using library search and officially released data. They are then put into test through discussions with sustainability and sustainable architecture experts and also by observing the real conditions of the society. Using the structural model of Amos (23), it is investigated how these factors affect each other and how their impacts can be reduced or the eliminated. On this basis, the use of advanced building energy Efficiency, and effective energy codes are identified and proposed.

Growth and development and the need for being empowered are indispensable parts of the requirements of those who gather to work in a specific place. Organizations need to support their personnel and resolve the challenges facing them.Empowering organizations’ personnel is among the most efficient techniques for enhancing the productivity an performance of them.The present paper which is a descriptive research examines theories and models related to the concept of empowering and explore the relationship between empowering and creativity on the part of I.R.I police organization personnel.

Despite the growing trend in the petrochemical industry in the country, the industry has faced challenges and accomplishments. One of the most important challenges in the petrochemical industry is energy management in the refinery. Fajr Jam refinery is designed to refine part of sour gas produced from Phase 6 of South Pars gas field in Iran and the nominal capacity of gas refining at this site, to determine the factors affecting energy consumption in the ophthalmic furnaces, 104 and 109 kilns were selected and the following were monitored scientifically: monitoring of furnace wall temperature with thermography, furnace feed analysis, steak gas analysis and energy Efficiency of furnaces. The results of this study showed that in the furnace 104, the design Efficiency and real Efficiency was 92. 98 and 84. 67, respectively and for the furnace 109, the design Efficiency and real Efficiency was 94. 98 and 71. 18, respectively. As a result, the amount of energy loss is high and should save energy consumption in these furnaces and improve Efficiency; replacement of refractory refractories is also a replacement of insulation.

Introduction: World cereal demand is growing at the present in accordance with the global expansion of human populations. Bread wheat is the most widely grown cereal grain with 65% (6.5 million hectares) of the total crop cultivated area in Iran. Deficiency of micronutrients in cereal cropping is one of the major worldwide problems. Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient for plants. It plays a key role as a structural constituent or regulatory co-factor of a wide range of different enzymes and proteins in many important biochemical pathways. Nearly half of the world’s cereal-growing areas are affected by soil zinc deficiency, particularly in calcareous soils of arid and semiarid regions. High pH levels and bicarbonate anion concentration in these soils are the major factors resulting in low availability of Zn. About 40% of the soils, used for wheat production in Iran are Zn-deficient, which results in a decrease in growth and wheat grain yield under field conditions. Although application of zinc fertilizers is a common practice to correct Zn deficiency, growing varieties with high Zn Efficiency has been reported to be a more sustainable approach. There is significant genetic variation both within and between plant species in their ability to maintain significant growth and yield under Zn deficiency conditions. Plant response to Zn deficiency and Zn fertilization are two distinct concepts. Knowing about these variations, can be very essential and useful for making correct fertilizer recommendation.Materials and Methods: In order to investigate Zn Efficiency in various wheat genotypes, a factorial experiment as a randomized complete block design was carried out with three replications in agricultural research center of Khorasan razavi (Torough Station), during 2009-2011. Treatments consisted of two levels of Zn fertilizer (0 and 40 kg/h as ZnSO4) and six genotyps of wheat including: three cultivars and one line of bread wheat (Alvand, Falat, Toos, and C75-5 respectively), two species of wheat known as Thriticosecale and Durum. The plot size was 9*3.6 (32.4 m2). Soil fertility status showed 0.05% nitrogen, 7.2 mgkg-1 phosphorus, 180 mgkg-1 potassium and 0.52 mgkg-1 DTPA extractable zinc. At defined phonological stage (SG6 based on Fix’s Index) Zn concentration in shrub was measured. Also grain yield and Zn uptake by grain were determined at the end of ripening stage. Zinc use Efficiency, agronomic Efficiency and apparent recovery Efficiency were calculated according to “Graham, et al.”, “Craswell and Godwin” and “Raun and Johnson” respectively. Zinc use Efficiency can be defined as the ratio of grain yield or shoot dry matter yield produced under Zn deficiency to that produced under Zn fertilization.Results and Discussion: Grain yield is the most integrative trait of a particular genotype. The results showed that Zn application increased significantly grain yield by 12.61% in comparison with control. This result is supported by Ziayeian and Malakouti (1999). Who reported that Zn application significantly increased the wheat yield (17%). In our research the highest grain yield increase due to Zn application was found in durum wheat (23.5%), and the lowest grain yield increase, were found in Toos cultivar (1.3% yield increase). Cakmak and et al (1997) also obtained more yield with the application of zinc in durum wheat. Application of Zn increased Zn concentration and uptake in grain, 8.6% and 21.5% respectively. Also, application of Zn significantly increased Zn concentration in shoot (36.5%) over the control. Similarly, Moshiri et al (2010) reported increase of Zn concentration in shoot with application of Zn fertilizer. Zn use Efficiency in bread wheat genotype, Durum and Thriticosecale wheat was ranked as: Durum<C75-5<Alvand<Falat<Triticale ~ Toos. The findings of Khoshgoftarmanesh et al (2004) showed that, Durum wheat is Zn inefficient genotype. According to our research results, Toos and Falat cultivars and Thriticosecale have higher Efficiency than Alvand and C75-5 cultivars and Durum wheat. The results also suggest that to obtain higher yield in Durum wheat, soil and foliar application of Zn is more necessary in comparison with other genotypes especially Toos and Thriticosecale.Conclusion: wheat genotypes were different in their response to Zn deficiency and Zn supply. Thriticosecale and Toos were the most Zn efficient genotypes, whereas Durum and C75-5 were the most responding to Zn supply.