The phenomenon of poverty is a multifaceted and complex problem that cannot be easily provided with a solution or even defined or measured. Despite the remarkable human progress in various fields, there are still more than 600 million people in the world who are struggling with the shortage of adequate food. The issue of poverty, along with the crisis of climate change, is one of the most prevalent issues facing human beings today, and its effects are becoming more tangible on a daily basis. Despite much research on the devastating effects of poverty, many thinkers still consider it as a marginal issue and even believe that helping the poor is abortive. In contrast, many theorists, while rejecting their arguments, emphasize the importance and necessity of helping the poor and eradicating poverty in the world. Therefore, this descriptive and analytical research, while examining the issue of poverty and its destructive dimensions, expresses the views of ethic philosophers in the fields of utilitarianism and conscientiousness. Moreover, an attempt is made to criticize each of them as far as possible. Finally, considering all the views expressed, it seems that helping the poor and hungry people in the world is not only necessary, but also a moral duty and obligation in a way that, if ignored, our lives will not be moral whatsoever.

The entry of fabricated hadiths into the collection of narrations from the Infallibles (a. s. ) and the eminent Companions began from the time of the Prophet of Islam (p. b. u. h. ). The Infallibles (a. s. ) and subsequently the Islamic scholars sought to refine and purify the prophetic hadiths from these hadiths, and many books were written and various researches were conducted in recognizing false hadiths, forgers and the factors and motives of their forgery. Among the Shiite authors, Allameh Majlisi in his meritorious book, Bihar al-Anwar, has examined fabricated hadiths, considering the volume of the book, and has achieved remarkable success in this field by introducing the criteria for evaluating fabricated hadiths and the motives of fabrication and presenting extensive scientific discussions. Using the content analysis method, the present study has extracted the methods and criteria for distinguishing fabricated hadiths from sound hadiths in Bihar al-Anwar. It has further examined the position and method of Allameh Majlisi in dealing with fabricated hadiths and has presented some examples of his techniques in identifying fabricated hadiths like the holy Quran, finding contradictions between them and the frequently narrated hadiths, sunnah, checking them against intellect, accusing the narrator of exaggeration in introducing documents and paying attention to taqiyyah (a precautionary dissimulation or denial of religious belief and practice in the face of persecution) and having enmity with Ahl al-Bayt.

The obligation of ethical statements is an important problem in ethics. Many Muslim scholars have regarded it as a command of reason, they know the statements of such a quality that reason can distinguish the necessity. The theories such as those of Brockson, social pressure and attracting tendency of man, Divine order and conscience have been suggested. Origionality of Divine command in ethical statements and conceptions is the problem of the paper. The legislator of Islamic immutable judgment, i. e. Divinity, legislates the rules and laws according to expediencies and seditions. Each seeker of happiness knows that attaining such an aim is conditioned by following special rules, he, therefore, make himself obliged to live in accordance to them.

In their works, a great number of Islamic thinkers have differentiated between ethical judgments and juristic judgments, while they agree on the sameness of their origin, especially in regard to the question of ‘obligation’. By inquiring into the origin of ‘obligation’ in Islamic jurisprudence and ethics as well as demonstrating the sameness of its origin, the present essay attempts to show the non-differentiation of obligation in some juristic and ethical propositions. In both ethical and juristic propositions, obligation based on innate things which can be revealed by reason, and which are established by the divine will; both the propositions can regulate the human behaviors; promote the spiritual manners; and ensure the social order and prosperity; and at the same time, both enjoy sanction. However, the sanction norms of the ethical judgments are different from those of juristic judgments. Nevertheless, there can consider the ways suggested by religious jurisprudents to be valid for fulfilling the ethical judgments as well.

Each one of us is lelong to the special political society. The nature of our polity and its laws, institutions, and values, as well as type character of the interrelations between us with the political institutions specially the state has naturally a main role in our individual and social life.The political obligation is an expression that is used more in the political philosophy and is the representative of the principally moral ties and the commitments associate us with the state and the political society.The author (of this article) tries to reveal the theoretical and conceptual principles of the political obligation specially its moral content, and show the political obligation is the moral concept and the mutual relation between the individuals and the state:

Divine command theory is hitherto faced with some problems such as Euthyphro problem and moral arbitrariness. Robert Merrihew Adams tries to defend this theory by proposing a new form of it. He expresses that this theory can explain only moral obligation not moral goodness. First, using semantic method, he analyzes the meaning of moral obligation. Then, he tries to understand the nature of moral obligation by determining the best candidate which can play the semantic role of it. From his view, interpersonal and social property of moral obligation is its most important semantic feature. The best candidate for this role is divine commands, because they have some special properties. For example, if you violate them you are guilty and they also have objectivity. Following Kripke-Putnam theory, Adams asserts that the relation between divine command and rightness/wrongness of action is like the relation between water and H2O. Accordingly, moral wrongness is identified with love God commands and it has metaphysical necessity in result.

One of the concepts discussed in meta ethics which is applied in moral situations and has an important role in moral judgments, is obligation or duty which is normative. William David Ross was a philosopher who talked about this subject in detail and differentiated this concept with that of value. He was highly influenced by Prichard’ s thoughts, therefore it is important to scrutinize his moral ideas. This paper tries to examine his intuitionism and meta ethical view in light of Prichard’ s thoughts. The method of this research is comparative-analytic, and has used books and on line resources in order to see in what extent he accepted Prichard’ s ideas and in what extent we can call his thought new. Finally, this research concludes that although Ross was was highly influenced by Prichard, he could overcome his difficulty and bring up his new idea about primafacie duties and differentiate the concept of obligation with that of good according to his meta ethical views.