A derivative (mushtaq) in Sadra’s philosophical jargon, he claims, is what mystics call as "name" (Ism). Elsewhere proposing a subtle distinction between names, descriptions and essences he mentions the word “name” on a par with derivatives. In Mafatih-alghayb he puts this view forward that opposite to real things, mental universal intelligibles are capable of being referred by names. Moreover he claims that there is a hierarchy (species, genus…) of names in divine world on a par with things in real world. Later he rejects the very point of view that only universal essences (quiddities) are capable of being named and surprisingly add particulars as well as secondary intelligibles to the inventory of those who are referred by naes.He seems to enjoy an incredible double status in talking about meanings; a narrow point of view and a wide one; the latter being more evident when addressing reference-less names and name-less references. To be sure, the most novel aspect of Sadra’s theory is on naming the God (Allah). In Al-Asfar, he argues that the name of the God is a name for everything, and the reference of his name, is what referred to by every name. Having this singular property be satisfied, it is hard, if possible, to match ordinary theories of meaning to that of Sadra. That’s why I think those philosophers, Sajjad Rizvi for example, who use modern jargon in their interpretations of Sadrian theory of meaning, do mistakes.

David Kaplan divides indexicals into pure indexicals and true demonstratives, and holds that pure indexicals have character (linguistic meaning) and they can determine their referents (contents) only in a context. But true demonstratives lack the character unless they are used in a context and in this case they gain a character and can determine their referents. In this latter view, Kaplan has followed Frege. In bare bone theory both kinds of indexicals have character independently of context. But in this theory context has demonstratum as one of its ingredients. Nathan Salmon, too, agrees with bare bone theory except he holds that context has demonstration instead of demonstratum. I believe that among these three views, Salmon’s is more logical and matches more with our intuition.

This paper discusses about the future of the World Wide Web development, called Semantic Web. Undoubtedly, Web service is one of the most important services on the Internet, which has had the greatest impact on the generalization of the Internet in human societies. Internet penetration has been an effective factor in growth of the volume of information on the Web. The massive growth of information on the Web has led to some problems, the most important one is search query. Nowadays, search engines use different techniques to deliver high quality results, but we still see that search results are not ideal. It should also be noted that information retrieval techniques to a certain extent can increase the search accuracy. Most of the web content is designed for human usage and machines are only able to understand and manipulate data at word level. This is the major limitation for providing better services to web users. The solution provided for this topic is to display the content of the web in such a way that it can be readily understood and comprehensible to the machine. This solution, which will lead to a huge transformation on the Web is called the Semantic Web and will begin. Better results for responding to the search for semantic web users, is the purpose of this research. In the proposed method, the expression, searched by the user, will be examined according to the related topics. The response obtained from this section enters to a rating system, which is consisted of a fuzzy decision-making system and a hierarchical clustering system, to return better results to the user. It should be noted that the proposed method does not require any prior knowledge for clustering the data. In addition, accuracy and comprehensiveness of the response are measured. Finally, the F test is applied to obtain a criterion for evaluating the performance of the algorithm and systems. The results of the test show that the method presented in this paper can provide a more precise and comprehensive response than its similar methods and it increases the accuracy up to 1. 22%, on average.

By taraddod assigned to God we can prove for Him properties as free will, omniscience, beauty and glory. Due to the lack of proper SEMANTICS for this word i.e. Taraddod and especially because of the inconsistency of the content of this word with Shiite principles, some thinkers while interpreting the word in a particular way have tried to purify God to have Taraddod and indeed they have changed the meaning of the word "Taraddod". The current paper while studying the concept of "Taraddod" shows that assigning Taraddod to God is correct and by changing the mind to this Hadith and the meaning of Taraddod, there will be an improvement in Fiqh al-Hadith studies.

The study of the meaning is the oldest intellectual concerns of human over time and in various cultures and civilizations. The meaning has occupied the Chinese and Indian thinkers and philosophers of the Greeks and Romans during centuries. The Arab and Muslim linguists and others mostly shared in study of many issues related to meaning of the words.Arab's linguistic research has focus on determining of meaning and purposes of Quran. The discussion and survey of issues that took place among the Arab and Islamic scholars related to meaning. But the study of meaning in Islamic and Arabic heritage had merged in the other linguistic studies and the issue mixed with various knowledge and had not the distinctive title and was not independent in his themes and specific criteria.But unfortunately many researchers thought that the SEMANTICS is the knowledge that its bases and principals have grown and grew up in the modern linguistic studies and the Arab and Muslim scholars didn't know it.This research aims to state the contributions of Islamic and Arabs scholars in establishing the principles of bases related to SEMANTICS and illustrates the extent of their interest in meaning. And I chose Ibn Jenni as representative of earlier scholars. Because he was one of the greatest scholars who have made a bright example for the issues of language in the Arab and Islamic heritage. In fact, this study states the Ibn Jenni s studies and shows the extent of his interest to it in various forms. In addition, the study states that a loit of results of the modern semantic studies, received by the scholars of Arabia. While studying the language which made us say that SEMANTICS is ancient science that linguists dealt with it in earlier time and is modern as its bases and foundations, and methodology have been identified in the beginning twentieth century until it become independent science after that was studied inside other linguistic studies.

In the Holy Quran there are numerous verses in which multiplicity of heavens (samawat) is mentioned. Based on different presuppositions, various perspectives are brought about concerning such verses presupposition of one of which to be surveyed in this essay with an explanation of its relevant perspective. Investigations of the present essay indicate that by heavens (samawat) is meant the very heaven observed by men in which occur clouds and rain, day and night, moon, sun, stars, etc.

SEMANTICS is a part of logic that examines the relations between language objects or terms and their referents. In this realm, such concepts as tIuth, denotation, definition, name, reference and so on are analyzed.In the present article the formation of SEMANTICS, its origin, the obstacles in its way, and its historical development will be discussed. Since the discussion about the concept of truth and "the meaning effective predicate" is situated in the center of semantic investigation, and because it was in Poland that Twardowski and his students began research about the concept of truth during 1900-1930, so it is necessary to have a short account of the history of truth in Poland at the beginning of the article. Then Hilbert's attempts in metamathematics and particularly his considerable method in the analysis of metamathematical concepts will be discussed.Finally, there will be a report about the synthesis of truth and Hilbert method in the mind of Lesniewski and Tarski.Vienna Circle’s positivist thinkers opposition to Tarski's views regarding semantic analysis of truth, how Ca/'nap is convinced by Tarski in this field, and also the extension of SEMANTICS in these arguments and £n the explanatory essays of Carnap and Tarski are the subjects which have been discussed briefly at the end of this essay.

The SEMANTICS of complex demonstratives is one of the most important and controversial topics in philosophy of language which has never been ceased to attract philosophers’ interest and attention. In this article, we will examine the most fundamental problems regarding complex demonstratives including the question of whether complex demonstratives are rigid designators and directly referential or rather, are quantified expressions. We will also examine the question that in a demonstrative like “ That F” , does F play any role in a successful designation of the demonstrative. The last question is whether F has any share in the proposition of the content of the sentence in which the complex demonstrative has been used. Our answer to the first question is that complex demonstratives are directly referential and rigid designators. In response to the second question we will defend the idea that having the property F is a necessary condition for the referent if the complex demonstrative is to successfully refer to it, otherwise it won’ t refer to anything. Lastly, our answer to the third question is that F has no share in the proposition or the content of the sentence.

In the present article, after reviewing the classical typologies of focalization and considering discourse markers of focalization as identified by traditional narratologists, we will study a kind of focalization which entails hypothesizing about what might have been perceived/conceived through a perspective never adopted by the focalizer, i.e. "hypothetical focalization." For this kind of focalization to be described, we need to apply some linguistic and philosophical insights gained either after, or out of, the ensemble of conventional narratology. The ideas specifically at issue here will be those first developed within the frameworks of the possible-worlds and intensional SEMANTICS. The due conceptual framework will serve to spotlight the intensional aspects (or the sense) of narrative well beyond the structural narratologists' and logical semanticists' formal accounts. Therefore, the present study not only will specify the most usual modes of verbal focalization in a number of Persian extracts, but also will examine some lesser known semantic dimensions of the narrative discourse, drawing on those virtual aspects of focalization inherently refraining from the logical or formal investigations pertinent to structural narratology.