Background and Objectives: The value of non-market for environmental goods such as habitat protection and perspectives are important. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective Khaeiz protected area is by use of contingent valuation method. Method: In this study the effect of different explanatory variables on respondents' willingness to pay for the Protection of logit regression model was used. The required data from 196 completed questionnaires were collected. Findings: 71% of respondents expressed a willingness to contribute to the protection of the region. Results of logit model estimation showed that the index trend of environmental variables, accountability, financial, environmental and offered membership in the organization are significant. The results showed that the expected value of the willingness to pay was 23948/5 million Rials. The monthly value of protecting the region against 18861/28 million rials respectively. The protective value against was determined 287382/7million rials annually in the study area. Dividing this figure by the total area of ecosystems studied, the average per hectare of ecosystem protection against 8888 thousand (according to the area of 32332 hectares’ area) is obtained. It is recommended at least annually, equivalent to 8888 million (annual preservation value per hectare) Rials for investment protection Khaeiz area. It represents the estimated total value of ecosystem protection in the region. In other words, the ecosystem of the region also has many other values for example, biological control of pests, pollination, water and soil conservation, medicinal plants and byproducts, capture and storage of carbon dioxide and produce oxygen, biological diversity, prevent soil erosion, combat air pollution, noise reduction, mitigation and climate stylized, green spaces and landscape and natural scenery, temperature adjustment, increase groundwater resources and consequently the springs and rivers, others noted that their value should be estimated. Discussion and Conclusion: In this study, the current situation is an important step to safeguard protected areas and natural resources and move towards sustainable development. Also for planners, managers and decision-makers provide justification to the quantity and quality of natural resources to support them.

Shadegan Wetland is located in the southwest of Iran. It is one of the wetlands internationally recognized in the Ramsar Convention. Thanks to its variety of functionalities, this wetland has provided the local people with lots of job opportunities. As a result of being located on the oilfields, this wetland has nowadays been threatened by many projects which are being run in its vicinity, namely oil exploration projects and so forth which are running economic-environmental valuations. Lack of data about the economic value of the wetland has prevented such valuations. The objective of this study is to estimate the total economic value of Shadegan Wetland taking into account its use and non-use values. To achieve this goal, direct use value was first calculated using the market-based method. Subsequently, indirect use value, option value, and non-use value (existence value) were estimated using the method of choice experiment. Based on the results of this study, annual direct use, indirect use, option, and non-use values of this wetland were estimated to be $187104167494, $58568264206752217 and $387974436448, respectively. Also, based on the calculations performed, it was found that over 50,000 jobs have been created by Shadegan Wetland such that its total value accounts for 7.1 percent of Khuzestan province’s GDP. The time period of this study was the year 2014.

The aim of this study is to determine the recreation value of Arghavan Forest Reserve in the county of Ilam using contingent valuation method. To determine the influencing factors on the probability of willingness to pay (WTP) of visitors, Logit model was applied using maximum likelihood estimation. Required information were collected via questionnaires and interviews with 245 visitors from the area in 2014. The results showed that 90% of respondents are willing to pay for recreational use of the forest area. Education, income and age variables have a significant positive effect and the variables of offered price, household size and numbers of visits from the region have a significant negative effect on the probability of willingness to pay. The mean of willingness to pay for recreational use of the area was estimated 10202 Rial/person. The annual recreational value of Arghavan Forest Reserve was also estimated 15054352398.33 Rials for total area and 88555014.10 Rials per hectare. The results of the study show that the people are aware of the importance of forest resources and there is a significant willingness to pay to improve and to develop the resources for recreational and protection uses. The results can provide conditions for policy-makers and responsible people in natural resources of Ilam province to conserve and protect more these forest resources.

In today's knowledge-based economy, knowledge is indeed a product and it plays an important role in production process as well. Hence, it should be correctly managed. Efficient knowledge management requires a method to evaluate knowledge. The intangibility of knowledge and especially tacit knowledge has provided challenges in knowledge valuation.In this paper, a three dimensional model is presented to evaluate different types of knowledge. To doso, some indices are primarily defined for knowledge valuation. At the second step these indices are applied to form a three dimensional model for knowledge valuation. The three indices are: 1) the amount of information, 2) the verification of information and 3) the retrieval ability of information. And finally, based on these indices a three dimensional model for evaluating knowledge was developed. The volume of information contained in these components will represent the value of knowledge. The proposed model can not only evaluate explicit and tacit knowledge, but also evaluate human and artificial knowledge in macro and macro level as well. Some dimensions of knowledge value such as quantity, novelty, conformity, accuracy, consistency, credibility, reusability, sharing, usefulness, accessibility and communication have also been taken into account in order to verify the validity of the model.

The current article is a translation, research and semi-criticism on the paper Assessing the Isra' iliyyat: An Exegetical Conundrum (1998) written by Professor McAuliffe of the Center for Islamic Studies at Georgetown University in Washington. Given the special approach taken by Orientalists toward isra' iliyyat and the interaction and relationship between Islam and the pre-Islam divine religions and narrators from among the Followers of the Book, familiarity with their views and ideas is necessary and inevitable. Taking a critical-analytic approach, after the views of some Sunni exegetes, particularly ibn-e Teymiyya', the author presents a linguistic and psychological explication of a Quranic story (sacrifice of bani-Israels cow) in verses 67-73 in Surah (chapter) Baqarah, and finally, referring to numerous disparities in exegeses, the author resorts to a hermeneutic interpretation of them and attempts to interpret and explain different commentaries of exegetes in one way or another.