Cognitive disorders are one of the major public health issues in older population worldwide. Problems in forming and storing new memories, short-term memory impairment, and other cognitive problems are common symptoms of cognitive disorders that have no definite treatment yet. Recent studies have shown an association between gut microbiota and cognitive impairments described as microbiotagut-brain axis. It seems that gut microbiota is able to influence behavior, brain system, and cognitive functions through this pathway in old age. In this review, the underlying mechanisms of the effect of gut microbiota on cognitive disorders and the role of dietetic intervention with probiotics in cognitive function are discussed.

نزد ابن سینا، نفس انسانی به مثابة آینه، همواره مدرک ادراکاتی است که به نحو عرضی بر آن عارض می شود و به عبارت دیگر ادراکات، کیفیات عارض بر نفس هستند. محور ادراکات «تمثّل» است و نفس نیز دو ساحت ادراکی دارد، ساحت تجردی عقلانی که بازنمایندة کلیات، طبیعت و ذوات اشیا است و ساحت مادیِ حسی و خیالی که بازنمایندة جزئیات و عوارض اشیاء اکنون و گذشته است. ابن سینا، کیفیت هستی مندی ادراکات مختلف حسی، خیالی و عقلی در نفس را با نظریة ارتسام صور و تقشیر تبیین می کند؛ برای تبیین شکل گیری این الگوی معرفتی می توان چنین تصورکرد که فیلسوف حالات پدیداری ادراک را درون نگرانه در خود تصویر، و شاخصه های آن را احصا می کند، سپس با عرضه کردن آن به مبانی هستی شناختی اش نظریۀ معرفت را بیان می کند. ابن سینا مؤلفه هایی همچون ذهنیت دربرابر عینیت در مسئلة وجود ذهنی، عرض بودن علم و تأثیر کلی یا جزئی بودن ادراک را در نگاه پدیداری به ادراک تبیین می کند و به عرضۀ آن بر مبانی وجودشناسانه ای همچون تفکیک هستی به جوهر و عرض می پردازد و تفسیری معرفتی از عالم براساس همین اصل به همراه نگاه سه گانه به علیت ارائه می دهد و به الگوی خود در معرفت شناسی می رسد. نظام معرفتی سینوی مبتنی بر همین شاخصه ها و مبانی، به حصول نوعی ذات گرایی در تمام تبیین های معرفت شناسانه و پذیرش وحدت سنخی میان مدرِک و مدرَک می رسد.

نگرش نیچه به مسئله انسان و حقیقت او، بر اساس اندیشه ها ی مادی گرایانه و تمایل به اصالت تجربه است که پیامدهای ویژه ای به همراه دارد. پژوهش حاضر با روش توصیفی و تحلیلی به منظور بررسی مختصات انسان شناختی از دیدگاه نیچه و ارزیابی پیامدهای آن در پرتو آرای علامه طباطبایی شکل گرفته است. بر اساس یافته‎های پژوهش، نیچه با نفی عقل گرایی و بی اعتبار نمودن ارزش ها ی اخلاقی و دینی مورد پذیرش زمان خویش، انسان را تا پرتگاه نیست گرایی می کشاند. لکن برای نجات وی از این وهله بحرانی، انسان را به باور توانمندی و اصالت قدرت خویش دعوت می نماید که ظهور تمام عیار آن در ابر انسان نمود یافته است. این در حالی است که علامه طباطبایی چنین تقلیل گرایی از شخصیت انسان و ترجیح  تن بر روان را برنمی تابد. زیرا نفی عقل گرایی و ستیز با ابعاد الهی متافیزیک نتیجه ای جز بی اعتبارشدن اوزان اندیشه ورزی و خردگرایی ندارد. وی همچنین منشأ اصلی پوچ انگاری در زندگی انسان را، حذف خدا و انگاره ها ی معنوی و ارزشی می داند و قرب الهی را به عنوان غایت اصلی زندگی مطرح می کند. غایتی که در سایه آن زندگی فردی و جمعی انسان بر اساس هدفمندی، معناداری و عدالت شکل می گیرد.

Introduction: Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability with significant burden on worldwide health systems. Stroke can quickly cause nerve damage, whether mild or severe. This is mainly caused by lack of blood flow to the brain, but the brain is affected by stroke beyond initial injury, including complex types of devastating diseases such as: Alzheimer’s disease, depression and cognitive impairment. Many studies have been conducted on cognitive impairment associated with stroke. The development problem of cognitive decline may be even more important than the stroke, such that, cognitive impairment after stroke affects more than one-third of stroke survivors.Method: This research is a review type. To achieve the objectives, the analytical method and documentary studies were used.Results: It seems that firm conclusions about the main factors involved in the stroke are not available; however, the disruption of blood flow in vessels, hypoxia, stenosis, high blood pressure and bleeding, aging, family history, genetic diversity and recurrent stroke are key factors for cognitive dysfunction. Changes in the small blood vessels in the brain after breaching the blood-brain barrier (BBB), lack of local tissue blood and nerve atrophy are the main factors for neuropathology of dementia.Conclusion: controlling risk factors is essential to reducing the burden of cognitive impairment after stroke. Also, the elucidation of mechanisms involved in cognitive disorders after brain injury can be effective strategies in relieving symptoms and to prevention strategies.

Aim: Mild cognitive impairment can be considered as an intermediate clinical state between normal cognitive aging and mild dementia. This study intends to compare the results of neurologists' diagnoses with the results of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Test in patients with complaints of cognitive impairment.Materials and Methods: In a cross - sectional study, 213 patients whom - with signs of cognitive problems – have reffered to neurology clinic of valiasr Hospital of naja were selected availability and based on the neurologist's diagnosis to cognitive disorder responded the Montreal' test. The test's results and demographic characteristics using statistical software SPSS indexes such as frequency, mean, standard, and Chi-square test were used for analysis Results: The findings showed that most of the patients aged 35-39 years.54% of the patients were male and 46% female. The majority of these people wrer married, the education level was high school diploma, and their language was Turkish. They were mostly except officers and service experience mostly was in the range of 10-14 years.Also in results of Montreal test between in different categories of age, sex, marital status, education level, ethnicity, class and military service were no significant relationship.Conclusion: In this study, have tried to compare the results of neurologist’s diagnostic, and the Montreal test in patients with Cognitive impairment complaint who referring to the clinic. According to this study of the Montreal cognitive assessment is a rapid test in patients admitted to a clinic, where because of large amount of population admitted there is not enough time to perform other diagnostic assessments. Also because the most studied population was military personnels, the results must be generalized with caution. It is recommended to study differnt social populations in future studies.

Background and Aim: According to the announcement of the WHO, mental Disorder is as important as physical health and is affected by a combination of social, psychological and biological components. This study aimed to explain the sociological grounds which affect the mental health of Arak's residents in 2017.Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was conducted on 15-64 year old population living in Arak. To determine the prevalence of mental disorders, general health questionnaire (GHQ-28) and determining the effective sociological parameters on them, questions from Durkheim and Merton's theories were used. The sample size was 384 using Cochran formula and data gathering was done using multi-stage cluster sampling. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23 software.Findings: Mean and SD of participants’ age was 34±13 years, mean and SD of household size was 1.5±4.5.98.7% of participants were Shia, 72.9% were urban and 74% owned their home. The total prevalence of mental disorders was 28.9%: 23.31% in men and 34.55% in women. Moreover, the components of immigration, job status, social status, religion, ethnicity, structural and social pressures, family problems, congestion, anomy, traffic problems and social capital were shown to contribute to the risk of mental health and the occurrence of mental disorders.Conclusion: Regarding the high prevalence of mental disorders in this study, it is recommended that mediating institutions as ethical and legal entities be recognized by the government and try harder to reorganise and realize the individual rights and social cohesion.

Introduction: The prevalence of sleep disorders is different in international studies. Sleep disorders with the increasing prevalence among children is common. Cognitive problems are the most serious complication of sleep disorders in children. The present study، the prevalence of sleep problems and neuropsychological learning disabilities were evaluated on pre-school children (4-6 years old) in Isfahan in the year of (1393-1394).Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 350 pre-school children in 1393-1394. They have been selected for cluster sampling method. The sleep disturbances scale questionnaire for children (SDSC) and Conners neuropsychological questionnaire were given to the mothers of pre-school children.Results: The results showed 144 (41.14%) pre-school children were prone to sleep disturbances, out of 280 pre-school children, 92 people (32.85%) had neuropsychological learning disabilities, 31 children, disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep (8.85%), 15 children, sleep disordered breathing (4.28%), 53 children, excessive sleepiness disorder (15.14%), 74 children, sleep wake disorders (21.14%), 32 children, 32 children, arousal disorder (9.14%), 43 children, sleep hyperhidrosis (12.28%), 62 children, tention problems (22.14%), 1 children, impaired sensory function (0.7%), 4 children, language dysfunction (1.42%), 7 children, general learning and memory impairment (2.5%), 14 children, executive dysfunction (6.42%).Conclusion: The prevalence of sleep and attention problems could indicate the importance of sleep and attention problems, furthermore, it could be awareness as regards patterns of the healthy sleep and neuropsychological learning disabilities in order to enhance the awareness of parents and health care providers.